Table 1 Summary of included trials
Study | Participants Age, yr mean (SD or range) or median (IQR, IQR) Sex, n male | Intervention | Frequency and duration of interventions | Outcome measures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Content | Discipline delivering the intervention mode of delivery | ||||
Kono et al. [28] (2013) | Time since stroke unknown Exp: n = 35  Age 64 (7)  Sex 21 M Con: n = 35  Age 63 (11)  Sex 27 M | Exp: physical activity coaching + supervised exercise + home exercise program + a salt intake reduction e-learning program Con: 3 sessions advice to facilitate healthy lifestyle | Exp: health care professional interventionist, physiotherapist Face-to-face Con: health care professional interventionist Face-to-face | Exp: 3/wk. for 24 wk. Con: 3 sessions in 24 wk | Steps/day (accelerometer) Time in high, moderate and light intensity physical activity min/day (accelerometer) |
Gillham et al. [29] (2010) | Time since stroke or TIA unknown Exp: n = 26  Age 68 (12)  Sex 4 M Con: n = 26  Age 69 (13)  Sex 4 M | Exp: secondary prevention education + general lifestyle counselling using motivation interviewing Con: usual care, no additional support or information given unless requested by the patient | Exp: not reported Face-to-face and phone | Exp: 3 sessions over 6 wk. Con: usual care | Self-reported exercise frequency (n of 20-min sessions/wk) |
Joubert et al. [30] (2009) | Time since stroke or TIA unknown Exp: n = 91  Age 63 (14)  Sex 53 M Con: n = 95  Age 68 (13)  Sex 49 M | Exp: secondary prevention education + general lifestyle counselling (protocoled according to ICARUSS model), Con: usual care | Exp: general practitioner, researcher Face-to-face and phone | Exp: frequency not specified over 12 mth Con: usual care | Self-reported exercise frequency (n of ‘deliberate’ walks/wk) |
Adie et al. [31] (2010) | Time since stroke or TIA < 1 months at recruitment Exp: n = 29  Age 73 (54–90)  Sex NR Con: n = 27  Age 73 (54–90)  Sex NR | Exp: usual care + secondary prevention education + lifestyle counselling using the TFU method, including motivational interviewing Provided by: Con: usual care | Exp: not reported Phone | Exp: at 7–10 days, 1, 2 and 4 months; 4 over 4 mth Con: usual care | Self-reported exercise min/wk |
Fleming et al. [32] (2013) | Time since stroke or TIA unknown Exp: n = 20  Age 70 (13)  Sex 10 M Con: n = 21  Age 71 (9)  Sex 14 M | Exp: secondary prevention education + lifestyle counselling using motivational interviewing + secondary prevention education to primary care physician Con: usual care | Exp: nurse with assistance of a research physician and an exercise physiologist Face-to-face | Exp: at week 6 and after 1–3–6-9-12 mth Con: usual care | % participants self-reported to be exercising n participants deemed to be physically active (criteria not reported) |
Allen et al. [33] (2009) | Time since stroke unknown Exp: n = 190  Age 68 (1)  Sex 91 M Con: n = 21  Age 69 (1)  Sex 99 M | Exp: secondary prevention education + general lifestyle counselling + ad hoc multidisciplinary support Con: usual care + Primary care physician is informed about individuals risk factors | Exp: Nurse Face to face, phone Con: Nurse Written material | Exp: frequency not specified over 6 mth Con: usual care | % participants self-reported to be exercising |
Faulkner et al. [34] (2015) | Time since stroke or TIA unknown Exp: n = 29  Age 65 (11)  sSex 15 M Con: n = 29  Age 68 (10)  Sex 14 M | Exp: usual care + secondary prevention education, including group discussion using health belief model for behaviour change + supervised exercise Con: usual care | Exp: health and exercise practitioners Face to face, written material | Exp: 2 90-min exercise sessions and 1 30-min education session/wk., over 8 wk. Con: usual care | International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) min/wk |
Olaiya et al. [35] (2017) | Time since stroke or TIA unknown Exp: n = 283  Age median 69 (Q1:61, Q2:78)  Sex 187 M Con: n = 280  Age median 71 (Q1:71, Q2:79) (10)  Sex 176 M | Exp: secondary prevention education + general lifestyle counselling, including a management plan for the primary care physician. Con: usual care | Exp: General practitioner, nurse Face to face | Exp: frequency not specified over 6 mth Con: usual care | n participants self-reported as being physically active (≥30 min of moderate intensity activity or ≥ 20 min of vigorous intensity physical activity ≥3 times/week) |
Askim et al. [36] (2018) | Time since stroke, d mean (SD): Exp: 111.3 (24.5), Con: 112.0 (17.2) Exp: n = 186  Age 72 (12)  Sex 104 M Con: n = 194  Age 72 (11)  Sex 127 M | Exp: physical activity coaching including goal setting + ad hoc supervised exercise Con: usual care | Exp: physiotherapist Face to face | Exp: once a mth for 18 mth | International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) min/wk |
Cheng et al. [37] (2018) | Time since stroke: < 90 days at inclusion Exp: n = 204  Age 57 (7)  Sex 128 M Con: n = 200  Age 58 (7)  Sex 116 M | Exp: secondary prevention education + general self-management counselling Con: usual care | Exp: nurse practitioners or physician assistants Face to face, phone | Exp: 3 group sessions and 3 individual sessions over 10 mth Con: usual care | n participants self-reported as exercising ≥3 day/wk. |
Teuschl et al. [38] (2017) | Time since stroke < 3 months at recruitment Exp: n = 80  Age 63 (8)  Sex 59 M Con: n = 87  Age 61 (10)  Sex 63 M | Exp: cognitive training + secondary prevention education + general self-management and motivation counselling Con: usual care + advice on medical adherence | Exp: nutritionists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and neurologists Face to face, phone Con: phone | Exp: 45 group session over 24 months Con: usual care + 24 moths | % participants self-reported as more than 150 min moderate intensity or 75 min vigorous-intensity pa/week |