Table 2 Disease severity and neuropsychological assessment in PD patients with different DWMH gradings

Gender (male, female)

11,13

30,50

23,19

0.185

0.484

0.610

0.084

Age (years, mean (SD))

55.37 (12.99)

63.06 (9.85)

69.61 (6.72)

0.001*

0.013*

0.001*

0.001*

HTN (number, percentage)

8 (33.3%)

25 (31.3%)

21 (50%)

0.117

0.848

0.193

0.043*

DM (number, percentage)

3 (12.5%)

10 (12.5%)

6 (14.3%)

0.959

1.000

0.840

0.782

Hypercholesterolemia (number, percentage)

3 (12.5%)

16 (20%)

12 (28.6%)

0.286

0.407

0.137

0.287

Smoking (number, percentage)

1 (4.2%)

3 (3.8%)

0

0.436

0.926

0.186

0.206

Medications (number, percentage)

8 (33.3%)

30 (37.5%)

14 (33.3%)

0.873

0.711

1.000

0.650

UPDRS total, mean (SD)

33.91 (23.26)

39.78 (23.05)

38.71 (29.19)

0.458

0.226

0.646

0.478

Modified Hoehn and Yahr scale, mean (SD)

1.71 (0.85)

1.92 (1.09)

2.09 (1.31)

0.706

0.674

0.404

0.583

Schwab and England ADL scale mean (SD)

87.36 (12.40)

82.89 (16.55)

81.00 (22.16)

0.583

0.281

0.528

0.741

MMSE, mean (SD)

25.47 (3.31)

25.32 (4.53)

22.14 (5.71)

0.002*

0.471

0.021*

0.001*

 Attention, mean (SD)

−0.24 (1.95)

−0.20 (2.03)

−1.57 (2.91)

0.020*

0.899

0.060

0.006*

 Executive function, mean (SD)

−1.31 (4.48)

− 0.60 (4.43)

−2.04 (4.69)

0.338

0.441

0.758

0.149

 Memory, mean (SD)

0.09 (1.96)

−0.34 (2.17)

−1.36 (2.77)

0.040*

0.620

0.028*

0.027*

 Language, mean (SD)

−0.54 (1.73)

−0.26 (2.43)

−1.30 (2.87)

0.127

0.431

0.298

0.051

 Visual-spatial, mean (SD)

−1.29 (1.79)

−0.56 (2.12)

−1.26 (2.67)

0.148

0.087

0.714

0.159