Table 1 Demographic information and performance of CMMSE and DRS among four groups

Age (year)

68.74 ± 8.93

68.81 ± 8.30

71.29 ± 9.14

70.27 ± 9.24

0.065

Sex (Male/Female)

65/71

86/81

59/57

34/30

0.886

Education (year)

10.73 ± 3.89

11.21 ± 3.39

10.53 ± 4.03

10.16 ± 3.76

0.214

CMMSE total score (max = 30)

28.20 ± 2.10^*†‡

26.87 ± 1.93^§¶

21.66 ± 2.68^#

13.37 ± 2.25

< 0.001

DRS total score (max = 144)

133.71 ± 6.64^*†‡

128.59 ± 7.03^§¶

110.43 ± 10.71^#

91.20 ± 17.42

< 0.001

Attention (max = 37)

36.51 ± 0.76^†‡

36.14 ± 1.26^§¶

35.14 ± 2.00^#

32.66 ± 3.85

< 0.001

Initiation/Perseveration (max = 37)

32.50 ± 4.12^†‡

31.54 ± 5.04^§¶

23.40 ± 6.03^#

17.05 ± 6.77

< 0.001

Construction (max = 6)

5.86 ± 0.65^†‡

5.68 ± 0.74^§¶

5.16 ± 1.35^#

3.86 ± 1.79

< 0.001

Conceptualization (max = 39)

35.68 ± 2.82^*†‡

34.26 ± 2.99^§¶

31.53 ± 4.34^#

27.25 ± 7.66

< 0.001

Memory (max = 25)

23.16 ± 2.03^*†‡

20.97 ± 2.89^§¶

15.21 ± 3.87^#

10.39 ± 3.93

< 0.001