Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics between males and females with isolated TBI
From: Sex and age differences in isolated traumatic brain injury: a retrospective observational study
| Â | Â | Total | Female | Male | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 51,726 | N = 16,901 | N = 34,825 |  | ||
Age, year | median (IQR) | 67 (45–79) | 72 (54–82) | 64 (42–77) |  < 0.001 |
Year of onset | |||||
 2004–2006 | n (%) | 1,904 ( 3.7%) | 613 ( 3.6%) | 1,291 ( 3.7%) | 0.004 |
 2007–2009 | n (%) | 5,990 (11.6%) | 1,855 (11.0%) | 4,135 (11.9%) |  |
 2010–2012 | n (%) | 11,576 (22.4%) | 3,743 (22.1%) | 7,833 (22.5%) |  |
 2013–2015 | n (%) | 17,045 (33.0%) | 5,571 (33.0%) | 11,474 (32.9%) |  |
 2016–2018 | n (%) | 15,211 (29.4%) | 5,119 (30.3%) | 10,092 (29.0%) |  |
Cause of trauma | |||||
 Motor vehicle driver | n (%) | 1,822 (3.5%) | 445 (2.6%) | 1,377 (4.0%) |  < 0.001 |
 Motor vehicle passenger | n (%) | 313 ( 0.6%) | 156 ( 0.9%) | 157 ( 0.5%) |  |
 Back seat passenger | n (%) | 455 ( 0.9%) | 241 ( 1.4%) | 214 ( 0.6%) |  |
 Motorcycle driver | n (%) | 3,834 ( 7.4%) | 793 ( 4.7%) | 3,041 ( 8.7%) |  |
 Motorcycle passenger | n (%) | 194 ( 0.4%) | 80 ( 0.5%) | 114 ( 0.3%) |  |
 Bicycle | n (%) | 6,539 (12.6%) | 2,650 (15.7%) | 3,889 (11.2%) |  |
 Pedestrian | n (%) | 5,194 (10.0%) | 2,365 (14.0%) | 2,829 ( 8.1%) |  |
 Other vehicle | n (%) | 225 ( 0.4%) | 49 ( 0.3%) | 176 ( 0.5%) |  |
 Fall from a great height | n (%) | 3,067 ( 5.9%) | 497 ( 2.9%) | 2,570 ( 7.4%) |  |
 Fall down the stairs | n (%) | 8,621 (16.7%) | 2,451 (14.5%) | 6,170 (17.7%) |  |
 Fall on the ground level | n (%) | 16,323 (31.6%) | 5,926 (35.1%) | 10,397 (29.9%) |  |
 Other blunt injury | n (%) | 5,086 ( 9.8%) | 1,235 ( 7.3%) | 3,851 (11.1%) |  |
 Penetrating | n (%) | 53 ( 0.1%) | 13 ( 0.1%) | 40 ( 0.1%) |  |
Alcohol drunk | n (%) | 7,957 (15.4%) | 979 ( 5.8%) | 6,978 (20.0%) |  < 0.001 |
Anticoagulant / antiplatelet | n (%) | 1,509 ( 2.9%) | 495 ( 2.9%) | 1,014 ( 2.9%) | 0.91 |
Hypotension (BP ≤ 90) on arrival | n (%) | 1,395 ( 2.7%) | 495 ( 2.9%) | 900 ( 2.6%) | 0.023 |
GCS score on arrival | median (IQR) | 14 (9–15) | 14 (10–15) | 14 (9–15) |  < 0.001 |
 Severe (3–8) | n (%) | 11,466 (22.2%) | 3,474 (20.6%) | 7,992 (22.9%) |  < 0.001 |
 Moderate (9–12) | n (%) | 6,989 (13.5%) | 2,078 (12.3%) | 4,911 (14.1%) |  |
 Mild (13–15) | n (%) | 33,271 (64.3%) | 11,349 (67.1%) | 21,922 (62.9%) |  |
Type of TBI | |||||
 Diffuse brain injury | n (%) | 27,930 (54.0%) | 9,091 (53.8%) | 18,839 (54.1%) | 0.36 |
 Focal brain injury | n (%) | 20,008 (38.7%) | 6,533 (38.7%) | 13,475 (38.7%) |  |
 Uncategorized | n (%) | 3,788 ( 7.3%) | 1,277 ( 7.6%) | 2,511 ( 7.2%) |  |
Injury site | median (IQR) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) |  < 0.001 |
 1 | n (%) | 31,299 (60.5%) | 10,962 (64.9%) | 20,337 (58.4%) |  < 0.001 |
 2 | n (%) | 12,863 (24.9%) | 3,926 (23.2%) | 8,937 (25.7%) |  |
  ≥ 3 | n (%) | 7,564 (14.6%) | 2,013 (11.9%) | 5,551 (15.9%) |  |
Max head AIS | median (IQR) | 4 (3–4) | 4 (3–4) | 4 (3–4) |  < 0.001 |
 3 | n (%) | 17,355 (33.6%) | 5,864 (34.7%) | 11,491 (33.0%) |  < 0.001 |
 4 | n (%) | 22,235 (43.0%) | 7,346 (43.5%) | 14,889 (42.8%) |  |
 5 | n (%) | 12,136 (23.5%) | 3,691 (21.8%) | 8,445 (24.2%) |  |
Operation for elevated ICP | n (%) | 9,278 (17.9%) | 2,872 (17.0%) | 6,406 (18.4%) |  < 0.001 |
Complication | |||||
 None | n (%) | 44,035 (85.1%) | 14,662 (86.8%) | 29,373 (84.3%) |  < 0.001 |
 Neurological | n (%) | 3,095 ( 6.0%) | 857 ( 5.1%) | 2,238 ( 6.4%) |  |
 Non-neurological | n (%) | 4,596 ( 8.9%) | 1,382 ( 8.2%) | 3,214 ( 9.2%) |  |