Table 1 The baseline characteristics of stroke patients with or without MBE

Age (years), mean±SD

72.92 ± 9.19

68.78 ± 14.89

0.17^a

Male, n (%)

12 (46.15 %)

97 (55.75 %)

0.36^c

Onset to admission time (hours), median (IQR)

3.00 (1.00–4.00)

3.00 (2.00–4.00)

0.93^d

Onset to blood sample collection time (hours), median (IQR)

3.00 (1.00-4.31)

3.00 (2.00–4.00)

0.94^d

Medical history

Hypertension, n (%)

16 (61.54 %)

96 (55.17 %)

0.54^c

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

3 (11.54 %)

40 (22.99 %)

0.19^c

Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

3 (11.54 %)

12 (6.90 %)

0.40^c

Atrial fibrillation, n (%)

16 (61.54 %)

70 (40.23 %)

0.04^c

Valvular heart diseases, n (%)

4 (15.38 %)

35 (20.11 %)

0.57^c

Prior ischemic stroke, n (%)

4 (15.38 %)

31 (17.82 %)

0.76^c

Prior intracerebral hemorrhage, n (%)

1 (3.85 %)

8 (4.60 %)

1.00^c

Current smoking, n (%)

5 (19.23 %)

42 (24.14 %)

0.58^c

Current drinking, n (%)

2 (7.69 %)

29 (16.67 %)

0.24^c

Admission body temperature, median (IQR)

36.5 (36.5–36.6)

36.5 (36.3–36.5)

0.11^b

Admission systolic BP, mean±SD

151 ± 28

144 ± 24

0.15^a

Admission diastolic BP, mean±SD

84 ± 14

81 ± 13

0.30^a

TOAST classification

0.16^c

Large-artery atherosclerosis, n (%)

9 (34.62 %)

44 (25.29 %)

Small-artery occlusion, n (%)

0 (0.00 %)

22 (12.64 %)

Cardioembolic, n (%)

16 (61.54 %)

87 (50.00 %)

Other etiology, n (%)

1 (3.85 %)

8 (4.60 %)

Undetermined etiology, n (%)

0 (0.00 %)

13 (7.47 %)

NIHSS on admission, median (IQR)

16 (15–19)

9 (4–16)

< 0.001^b

NIHSS ≥ 15, n (%)

20 (76.92 %)

60 (34.48 %)

< 0.001^c

GCS on admission, median (IQR)

13 (8–15)

15 (11–15)

0.02^b

Disturbance of consciousness on admission

12 (46.15 %)

45 (25.86 %)

0.03^c

Intravenous thrombolysis, n (%)

8 (30.77 %)

57 (32.76 %)

0.84^c

Intra-arterial interventions, n (%)

14 (53.85 %)

53 (30.46 %)

0.02^c

Intra-arterial interventions with successful recanalization

7/14 (50 %)

44/53 (83.02 %)

0.01^c

Inflammatory biomarkers, median (IQR)

HIF-1α (pg/ml)

122.50 (84.75-211.38)

142.25 (91.25-238.25)

0.17^b

CTSB (pg/ml)

3700.50 (3327.62-4620.38)

3895.75 (3216.75-4666.75)

0.36^b

NLRP3 (ng/ml)

1.85 (0.98–3.87)

1.11 (0.94–2.44)

0.03^b

CASP1 (pg/ml)

21.25 (8.84–45.29)

19.15 (3.10-48.89)

0.88^b

MMP9 (ng/ml)

32.27 (24.10-35.36)

30.68 (22.85–35.94)

0.95^b

Clinical outcomes

Death in hospital or within 7 days of discharge

14 (53.85 %)

7 (4.02 %)

< 0.001^d

Loss to follow-up at 3 months

0

5 (2.87 %)

0.38^c

3-month death

22/26 (84.62 %)

19/169 (11.24 %)

< 0.001^c

3-month mRS, median (IQR)

6.00 (4.00–6.00)

2.00 (0.00–6.00)

< 0.001^b