Table 4 Results – Economic burden (fatigue assessed as categorical)

da Silva (2016)

Multivariate ANOVA

210

MFIS Low impact (39–58), High impact (≥ 59)

Non-DMT costs

EDSS, gender, educational level, MFIS-BR (cut-off NR), MS relapse, any self-reported comorbidities, MS type, and occupation

NR

NR

0.83

Doesburg (2019)

Multiple logistic regression

78

NFI-MS Low (0–10 pts), Middle (11–20), High (21–30)

High work absence

Marital status, relapses in the past year, NFI-MS (middle vs low)

OR = 1.41

0.42, 4.76

0.581

Marital status, relapses in the past year, NFI-MS (high vs low)

OR = 15.80

3.00, 83.26

0.001

Marital status, relapses in the past year, NFI-MS (high vs middle)

OR = 11.22

2.13, 59.16

NR

Grytten (2017)

Univariate logistic regression

91

FSS ≥ 4

Unemployment at baseline

FSS ≥ 4

OR = 3.03

1.19, 7.71

0.02

Univariate Cox regression

40

Time to awarding disability pension

HR = 2.03

0.86, 4.78

0.09

Koziarska (2018)

Multivariate logistic regression

150

FSS > 4

Unemployment

FSS > 4, EDSS > 3, PQD5, KNS

OR = 2.63

1.02, 6.90

0.046

Lorefice (2018)

Multivariate logistic regression

123

FSS > 4

Unemployment status

Female, age, education, age at onset of MS, disease duration, EDSS, AES-S > 35, BDI-II > 14, FSS > 4

OR = 2.10

NR

0.179

McKay (2018)

Generalized estimating equations

340

D-FIS ≥ 5

Hospitalizations

Age, sex, EDSS, D-FIS ≥ 5, comorbidity count, HUI pain

adjRR = 1.82

0.86, 3.87

NR

Physician visit

Age, sex, D-FIS ≥ 5, smoker, comorbidity count, HUI pain, HUI cognition

adjRR = 1.06

0.97, 1.17

NR

Razazian (2014)

Pearson’s χ2 test

300

FSS ≥ 5

Medication use

FSS ≥ 5 vs FSS < 5

NR

NR

0.002

Employment status

FSS ≥ 5 vs FSS < 5

NR

NR

0.025

Salter (2017)

Multivariable logistic regression

4607

FPS Normal (0), Mild (1, 2), Moderate-to-severe (3–5)

Not working

MS clinical course, age, age at diagnosis, sex, number of comorbidity categories, CPS, FPS severe (vs. normal), HPS, PDDS

OR = 1.93

1.64, 2.26

<  0.0001

1921

Working < 35 h/week

OR = 1.63

1.04, 2.33

0.0031

1788

Cut back hrs. Past 6 mos.

OR = 7.19

3.29, 15.70

<  0.0001

1706

Missed work days past 6 mos.

OR = 4.73

2.67, 8.37

<  0.0001

1717

Receiving disability benefits

OR = 1.99

1.39, 2.84

0.0005

Weiland (2015)

Binary logistic regression

2133

FSS ≥ 4

FSS ≥ 4

Work part time

OR = 1.58

1.24, 2.02

≤ 0.001

Stay at home parent/carer

OR = 19.4

1.36, 2.77

≤ 0.001

Unemployed

OR = 2.15

1.48, 3.11

≤ 0.001

Retired due to disability

OR = 5.54

4.11, 7.47

≤ 0.001

Retired due to age

OR = 1.59

0.94, 2.67

NR

Other (inc. student)

OR = 0.834

0.55,1.27

NR