Table 2 Confirmed causes of encephalitis, meningoencephalitis or meningitis
From: Meningitis, meningoencephalitis and encephalitis in Bern: an observational study of 258 patients
Total n (%) | All | Encephalitis | Meningoencephalitis | Meningitis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
258 (100) | 46 (17.8) | 127 (49.2) | 85 (32.9) | |
Infectious cause | 148 (57.4) | 15 (32.6) | 89 (70.1) | 45 (52.9) |
Viral | 114 (77) | 14 (93.3) | 71 (79.8) | 30 (68.2) |
Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus | 65 (57) | 1 (7.1) | 58 (81.7) | 6 (20.7) |
Enterovirus | 21 (18.4) | 1 (7.1) | 3 (4.2) | 18 (60) |
Varicella zoster virus | 14 (12.3) | 2 (14.2) | 7 (9.9) | 5 (17.2) |
Herpes Simplex virus 1 | 9 (7.9) | 8 (57.1) | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0) |
Herpes Simplex virus 2 | 2 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (3.4) |
Epstein-Barr-Virus | 2 (1.8) | 1 (7.1) | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0) |
Influenza virus A/B | 1 (0.9) | 1 (7.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Bacterial | 34 (23) | 1 (6.7) | 18 (20.2) | 15 (34.1) |
Streptococcus pneumoniae | 16 (48.5) | 9 (50) | 7 (46.7) | |
Neisseria meningitidis | 4 (12.1) | 3 (16.7) | 1 (6.7) | |
Streptococcus ssp. | 4 (12.1) | 2 (11.1) | 2 (13.3) | |
Haemophilus influenzae | 2 (6.1) | 1 (5.6) | 1 (6.7) | |
Listeria monocytogenes | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (6.7) | |
Staphylococcus aureus | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (6.7) | |
Tuberculosis | 3 (9.1) | 2 (11.1) | 1 (6.7) | |
Borrelia burgdorferi | 2 (6.1) | 1 (5.6) | 1 (6.7) | |
Treponema pallidum | 1 (0.7) | 1 (6.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Immune-mediated cause | 13 (5) | 13 (28.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
NMDA-Receptor-Antibody | 4 (30.7) | 4 (30.7) | ||
LGI1 Antibody | 4 (30.7) | 4 (30.7) | ||
Caspr2 | 2 (15.4) | 2 (15.4) | ||
Anti-Hu | 1 (7.7) | 1 (7.7) | ||
GAD | 1 (7.7) | 1 (7.7) | ||
SREAT | 1 (7.7) | 1 (7.7) | ||
Other | 5 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (5.9) |
Intravenous Immunoglobuline | 3 (60) | 3 (60) | ||
Craniopharyngioma | 1 (20) | 1 (20) | ||
Autoimmune Disease | 1 (20) | 1 (20) | ||
Unknown cause | 92 (35.7) | 18 (39.1) | 38 (29.9) | 35 (41.2) |