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Fig. 3 | BMC Neurology

Fig. 3

From: Gut- and oral-dysbiosis differentially impact spinal- and bulbar-onset ALS, predicting ALS severity and potentially determining the location of disease onset

Fig. 3

Increased Fecal Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio Drives Gut-Dysbiosis in Spinal-Onset ALS, whereas Decreased Oral Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio Drives Oral-Dysbiosis in Bulbar-Onset ALS. A Relative abundance of microbial phyla in gut microbiome comparing control, spinal-onset ALS patients alone, bulbar-onset ALS patients alone, and ALS patients (both spinal-and bulbar-onset ALS patients combined). Left panel represents taxonomic distribution for all the individuals; Right panel represents average taxonomic distribution for each group. B Percent abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla in gut microbiome. Results represent both ALS (spinal- and bulbar-onset ALS combined) or spinal- and bulbar-onset ALS quantified separately. Spinal-onset ALS patients displayed a significant enrichment of Firmicutes and a significant depletion of Bacteroidetes in the gut. No significant change in bulbar-onset ALS. C Fecal ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B). Spinal-onset ALS patients displayed a significant increase in fecal F/B ratio. No significant change in bulbar-onset ALS. D Relative abundance of microbial phyla in oral microbiome. Left panel represents taxonomic distribution for all the individuals; Right panel represents average taxonomic distribution for each group. E Percent abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla in oral microbiome. Bulbar-onset ALS patients displayed a significant depletion of Firmicutes and a significant enrichment of Bacteroidetes in the oral cavity. No significant change in spinal-onset ALS. F Oral F/B ratio. Bulbar-onset ALS patients displayed a significant decrease in oral F/B ratio. No significant change in spinal-onset ALS. Statistics: For comparisons between controls and ALS patients (combined), Mann–Whitney test was utilized. For contrasts between control, spinal-onset ALS, and bulbar-onset ALS, Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s post-hoc multiple comparison test was utilized. Values represent sample median with interquartile range. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001

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BMC Neurology

ISSN: 1471-2377

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