Table 1 Comparison of each group with respect to demographic, clinical, and radiographic features

No.(%)

9 (18.4%)

40 (81.6%)

11 (22.4%)

38 (77.6%)

Sex male (female)

3 (6)

25 (15)

0.221

5 (6)

23 (15)

0.587

Chi-square

Age (mean ± SD)

58.56 ± 12.77

55.2 ± 11.27

0.445

59.91 ± 10.88

54.63 ± 11.57

0.193

T-test

 CSM disease duration (months)

11.44 ± 10.57

30.28 ± 29.30

0.024*

15.82 ± 16.79

30.01 ± 29.49

0.142

T-test

 Gait impairment Yes (No)

4 (5)

22 (18)

0.295

8 (3)

18 (20)

0.254

Chi-square

 Upper limb weakness Yes (No)

4 (5)

22 (18)

0.719

6 (5)

20 (18)

1

Chi-square

 Hoffmann sign (Yes/No)

6 (3)

12 (28)

0.425

8 (3)

16 (22)

0.148

Chi-square

 Preoperative mJOA score

14.56 ± 1.50

14.9 ± 1.83

0.565

14.09 ± 1.50

15.05 ± 1.79

0.119

T-test

 Cervical Spondylolisthesis (Non/Anterolisthesis/Retrolisthesis)

7/0/2

22/2/16

0.422

7/0/4

22/2/14

0.731

Chi-square

 Cervical alignment (Lordosis/Straight/ Sigmoid/Kyphosis)

1/4/4/0

16/9/3/12

0.005**

3/3/3/2

14/10/4/10

0.545

Chi-square

 Ligamentum flavum hypertrophy (Yes/No)

3 (6)

27 (13)

0.128

7 (4)

23 (15)

1

Chi-square

 Intramedullary T2WI hyperintensity (Yes/No)

4 (5)

30 (10)

0.163

7 (4)

27 (11)

0.922

Chi-square

 No. Involved segments (mean ± SD)

1.56 ± 0.68

2.95 ± 1.09

< 0.001***

2.27 ± 1.05

2.82 ± 1.17

0.269

Kruskal-Wallis

 Disc degeneration grade (mean ± SD)

3.56 ± 1.17

4.13 ± 0.90

0.182

3.91 ± 1.08

4.05 ± 0.94

0.752

Kruskal-Wallis

 Mühle stenosis grade (mean ± SD)

2.22 ± 0.79

2.2 ± 0.75

0.938

2.64 ± 0.64

2.08 ± 0.74

0.031*

Kruskal-Wallis

 Anterior/Posterior/ Combined

9/0/0

29/7/4

0.203

8/1/2

30/6/2

0.358

Chi-square

 mJOA score

17.67 ± 1.41

16.65 ± 2.15

0.191

17 ± 2.04

16.79 ± 2.08

0.773

T-test

 ΔmJOA score

3.11 ± 0.57

1.75 ± 0.8

< 0.001***

2.91 ± 0.79

1.74 ± 0.78

< 0.001***

T-test