Table 1 Study participants and baseline characteristics in the PD, VaP, and control groups; M (P25-P75)

Male, n (%)

15 (57.70)

14 (73.70)

19 (59.40)

0.496

Age, years

62.00 (57.50–69.25)^△

75.00 (69.00–80.00)^△#

48.50 (37.50–57.00)

 < 0.001^***

Hypertension, n (%)

11 (42.30)

12 (63.20)^△

8 (25.00)

0.026^*

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

6 (23.10)^△

6 (31.60)^△

0 (0.00)

0.005^**

History of stroke, n (%)

5 (19.20)^△

7.00 (36.80)^△

0 (0.00)

0.002^**

History of CAD, n (%)

3 (11.50)

3.00 (15.80)

0 (0.00)

0.086

Cigarette smoking, n (%)

1 (3.80)

4.00 (21.10)

8 (25.00)

0.087

Alcoholism history, n (%)

5 (19.20)

1.00 (5.30)

4 (12.50)

0.385

Education levels: completed secondary school or more, n (%)

20 (76.92)

11.00 (57.89)^△

31 (96.90)

0.003^**

BG-EPVS numbers

8.00 (5.50–12.25)

16.00 (11.00–29.00)^△#

7.00 (4.00–8.00)

 < 0.001^***

CSO-EPVS numbers

18.00 (10.50–24.25)^△

18.00 (10.00–26.00)^△

8.00 (4.25–13.00)

 < 0.001^***

EPVS I as the main type, n (%)

4 (15.40)

10 (52.60) ^#

10 (31.30)

0.029^*

Fazekas scores

0.00 (0.00–0.00)^△

1.00 (1.00–3.00)^△#

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

 < 0.001^***

CMBs numbers

0.00 (0.00–1.00)

1.00 (0.00–5.00)^#

-

 < 0.001^***

GCA scores

1.00 (1.00–2.00)^△

3.00 (2.00–3.00)^△#

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

 < 0.001^***

KS scores

2.50 (1.75–3.00)^△

3.00 (2.00–3.00)^△

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

 < 0.001^***

MTA scores

1.00 (0.00–2.00)^△

2.00 (1.00–3.00)^△#

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

 < 0.001^***

Lacunes numbers

0.00 (0.00–3.00)^△

1.00 (0.00–4.00)^△

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

 < 0.001^***

UPDRS-III scores “OFF”

35.00 (20.00–45.00)

50.00 (33.00–55.00)^#

-

0.005^**

H-Y stages

3.00 (1.75–4.00)

3.00 (3.00–4.00)^#

-

0.003^**

SN-TCS positive, n (%)

15 (57.69)

7 (36.84)

-

0.167

Duration of onset to enrolment, years

1.00 (0.50–3.00)

4.00 (1.00–6.00)

-

0.087