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Table 1 Baseline characteristics and Laboratory and MRI findings according to the performance of TEE in ESUS

From: Impact of D-dimer for pathologic differentiation on transesophageal echocardiography in embolic stroke of undetermined source: a single-center experience

 

Total

TEE examination

Variables

 

With

Without

P

N = 211

N = 115, 55%

N = 96, 45%

Demographics

 Age, mean ± SD

69.3 ± 13.2

66.6 ± 12.0

72.5 ± 13.9

< 0.001

 Male gender, n (%)

149 (71)

89 (77)

60 (63)

0.018

 Hypertension, n (%)

150 (71)

83 (72)

67 (70)

0.704

 Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

86 (41)

52 (45)

34 (35)

0.149

 Dyslipidemia, n (%)

155 (74)

89 (78)

66 (69)

0.157

 Smoking, n (%)

54 (26)

30 (26)

24 (25)

0.857

 Chronic kidney disease, n (%)

66 (31)

30 (26)

36 (38)

0.075

 Coronary artery disease, n (%)

6 (3)

4 (3)

2 (2)

0.539

 Malignant tumor, n (%)

13 (6)

6 (5)

7 (7)

0.533

 History of cerebral infarction, n (%)

40 (19)

20 (17)

20 (21)

0.525

NIHSS on admission

5.5 ± 6.5

3.9 ± 5.2

7.4 ± 7.2

< 0.001

Laboratory findings

 LDL-C, mg/dl, a

112.9 ± 40.6

114.5 ± 36.3

110.8 ± 45.5

0.256

 HDL-C, mg/dl, a

52.8 ± 15.9

51.5 ± 14.9

54.5 ± 16.9

0.217

 eGFR, ml/min

69.2 ± 24.9

72.0 ± 25.4

65.7 ± 24.0

0.127

 Hemoglobin A1c, %, b

6.2 ± 1.1

6.3 ± 1.1

6.1 ± 1.0

0.099

 BNP, pg/ml, c

100.9 ± 265.9

110.1 ± 341.1

93.0 ± 137.6

0.046

 D-dimer, μg/ml, d

2.7 ± 11.4

1.2 ± 1.3

2.9 ± 5.0

< 0.001

MRI findings, n (%)

 Multiple lesions

116 (55)

66 (57)

50 (52)

0.44

 Lesion size > 30 mm in diameter

69 (33)

38 (33)

31 (32)

0.908

 Cortical infarction

167 (79)

93 (81)

74 (77)

0.501

 Cerebral microbleeds

43 (20)

18 (16)

25 (26)

0.062

 PVH, grade ≥ 2

75 (36)

32 (28)

43 (45)

0.01

 DSWMH, grade ≥ 2

69 (33)

27 (23)

42 (44)

0.002

  1. Chi-square test and the Mann−Whitney U test were used for comparison
  2. Chronic kidney disease was defined as eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Missing values: a, n = 5; b, n = 4, c = 12, d = 6
  3. MRI magnetic resonance imaging, TEE transesophageal echocardiography, ESUS embolic stroke of undetermined source, NIHSS National Institute Health stroke scale, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, eGFR estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, BNP brain natriuretic peptide, PVH Periventricular hyperintensity, DSWMH deep and subcortical white matter hyperintensity