From: Association between participation self-efficacy and participation in stroke survivors
 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factors | B | SE | p-value | B | SE | p-value | B | SE | p-value | B | SE | p-value |
PS-SES-C total score a | 2.628 | 0.147 |  < 0.001 | 2.639 | 0.146 |  < 0.001 | 1.997 | 0.193 |  < 0.001 | 1.313 | 0.196 |  < 0.001 |
Demographic characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Educational level | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No formal education / primary (ref) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Secondary | Â | Â | Â | 2.476 | 2.263 | 0.275 | 0.664 | 2.264 | 0.770 | -0.257 | 2.076 | 0.902 |
Post-secondary or above | Â | Â | Â | 7.111 | 2.652 | 0.008 | 4.554 | 2.661 | 0.088 | 4.162 | 2.432 | 0.088 |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Married (ref) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Divorced / widowed | Â | Â | Â | -3.665 | 2.299 | 0.112 | -2.572 | 2.369 | 0.279 | -0.871 | 2.160 | 0.687 |
Pre-morbid financial role in family | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Major (ref) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Shared |  |  |  | 10.394 | 2.314 |  < 0.001 | 6.805 | 2.367 | 0.004 | 6.818 | 2.153 | 0.002 |
No role | Â | Â | Â | 0.052 | 2.983 | 0.986 | -2.508 | 2.940 | 0.394 | -3.562 | 2.676 | 0.184 |
Clinical characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
History of diabetes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No (ref) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | -2.663 | 2.037 | 0.192 | -1.993 | 1.849 | 0.282 |
History of heart disease | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No (ref) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | -0.432 | 2.444 | 0.860 | -0.435 | 2.216 | 0.844 |
Assistive aids used | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
None (ref) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Crutch and / or wheelchair | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | -7.261 | 2.199 | 0.001 | 0.070 | 2.235 | 0.975 |
Type of stroke | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Ischaemic stroke (ref) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Haemorrhagic / both ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.154 | 2.478 | 0.951 | 2.149 | 2.263 | 0.343 |
Lesion side | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Left (ref) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Right | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 1.711 | 1.956 | 0.383 | 1.736 | 1.773 | 0.329 |
Both | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 4.092 | 2.839 | 0.151 | 4.183 | 2.579 | 0.106 |
Stroke frequency | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
One (ref) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Two or more |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7.168 | 2.033 |  < 0.001 | 5.717 | 1.853 | 0.002 |
Stroke symptom severity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mild (NIHSS score: 0–4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Moderate (NIHSS score: 5–15) |  |  |  |  |  |  | -6.561 | 2.609 | 0.013 | -1.966 | 2.480 | 0.429 |
ADLs performance and functional mobility | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
MBI total score | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.064 | 0.067 | 0.341 |
RMI-C total score |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.813 | 0.312 |  < 0.001 |