Association between participation self-efficacy and participation in stroke survivors

BMC Neurology

Table 3 Association between participation self-efficacy and participation

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
Factors	B	SE	p-value	B	SE	p-value	B	SE	p-value	B	SE	p-value
PS-SES-C total score a	2.628	0.147	< 0.001	2.639	0.146	< 0.001	1.997	0.193	< 0.001	1.313	0.196	< 0.001
Demographic characteristics
Educational level
No formal education / primary (ref)
Secondary				2.476	2.263	0.275	0.664	2.264	0.770	-0.257	2.076	0.902
Post-secondary or above				7.111	2.652	0.008	4.554	2.661	0.088	4.162	2.432	0.088
Marital status
Married (ref)
Divorced / widowed				-3.665	2.299	0.112	-2.572	2.369	0.279	-0.871	2.160	0.687
Pre-morbid financial role in family
Major (ref)
Shared				10.394	2.314	< 0.001	6.805	2.367	0.004	6.818	2.153	0.002
No role				0.052	2.983	0.986	-2.508	2.940	0.394	-3.562	2.676	0.184
Clinical characteristics
History of diabetes
No (ref)
Yes							-2.663	2.037	0.192	-1.993	1.849	0.282
History of heart disease
No (ref)
Yes							-0.432	2.444	0.860	-0.435	2.216	0.844
Assistive aids used
None (ref)
Crutch and / or wheelchair							-7.261	2.199	0.001	0.070	2.235	0.975
Type of stroke
Ischaemic stroke (ref)
Haemorrhagic / both ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke							0.154	2.478	0.951	2.149	2.263	0.343
Lesion side
Left (ref)
Right							1.711	1.956	0.383	1.736	1.773	0.329
Both							4.092	2.839	0.151	4.183	2.579	0.106
Stroke frequency
One (ref)
Two or more							7.168	2.033	< 0.001	5.717	1.853	0.002
Stroke symptom severity
Mild (NIHSS score: 0–4)
Moderate (NIHSS score: 5–15)							-6.561	2.609	0.013	-1.966	2.480	0.429
ADLs performance and functional mobility
MBI total score										0.064	0.067	0.341
RMI-C total score										1.813	0.312	< 0.001

^a The regression coefficient corresponds to every 10-point increase in PS-SES-C total score
Model 1: unadjusted crude model
Model 2: with adjustment for the socio-demographic characteristics which showed significant association with RNLI-C total score in univariate analysis
Model 3: with adjustment for the clinical characteristics which showed significant association with RNLI-C total score in univariate analysis + covariates in Model 2
Model 4: with adjustment for ADLs performance and functional mobility + covariates in Model 3
Ref, reference category of categorical independent variable, NIHSS National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, MBI Modified Barthel Index, RMI-C Chinese version of the Rivermead Mobility Index, B Regression coefficient, SE Standard error, PS-SES-C Chinese version of the Participation Strategies Self-Efficacy Scale, RNLI-C Chinese version of the Reintegration to Normal Living Index, ADLs Activities of Daily Living

ISSN: 1471-2377