Table 2 Associations of baseline variables with survival as determined by Cox proportional hazards models
From: Survival in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a ten-year follow-up study in northern China
Baseline variable | Univariate Cox regressiona | Multivariate Cox regression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P Value | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P Value | |
Age at onset,1-y increase | 1.11 (1.07–1.15) | < 0.001 | 1.10 (1.06–1.15) | < 0.001 |
Symmetry of motor signs | ||||
No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Yes | 3.24 (1.80–5.82) | < 0.001 | 1.34 (0.69–2.60) | 0.384 |
H&Y stage | ||||
< 3 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
≥ 3 | 7.63 (2.71–21.43) | < 0.001 | 9.36 (2.82–31.03) | < 0.001 |
Motor-based subtype | ||||
TD | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Indeterminate | 1.81 (0.68–4.81) | 0.238 | 1.27 (0.47–3.44) | 0.639 |
PIGD | 2.71 (1.50–4.88) | 0.001 | 1.41 (0.70–2.84) | 0.338 |
Dysphagia | ||||
No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Yes | 3.47 (1.97–6.12) | < 0.001 | 1.47 (0.77–2.81) | 0.240 |
Cognitive impairment | ||||
None | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Mild | 1.76 (0.89–3.50) | 0.106 | 1.41 (0.66–3.04) | 0.378 |
Severe | 12.77 (6.51–25.04) | < 0.001 | 6.18 (2.75–13.88) | < 0.001 |
Fatigue | ||||
No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Yes | 2.54 (1.37–4.70) | 0.003 | 1.36 (0.68–2.73) | 0.386 |
Sleep quality gradeb | ||||
Very good | 1.00 (reference) | |||
Fairly good | 2.09 (1.09–4.04) | 0.028 | ||
Fairly bad | 2.87 (1.36–6.07) | 0.006 | ||
Very bad | 2.52 (0.58–10.95) | 0.219 | ||
Physical exercise at leisure time | ||||
Never | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
< median | 0.52 (0.22–1.20) | 0.126 | 0.74 (0.31–1.79) | 0.505 |
≥ median | 0.41 (0.22–0.74) | 0.003 | 0.70 (0.36–1.35) | 0.285 |
Deep brain stimulation | ||||
No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Yes | 0.44 (0.24–0.83) | 0.012 | 0.57 (0.30–1.12) | 0.103 |