Table 2 Clinical and demographic characteristics of the study individuals. The first set of columns shows data from the whole cohort (N = 702), separated into those who gave blood and those who did not. p values are from independent samples t-tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical data. The second set of columns show data from case-control participants. Percentages that do not sum to 100% indicate missing data. CRPS (IASP) only participants are those who satisfied the IASP criteria for CRPS but not the Budapest criteria for CRPS. ^*These individuals were conservatively managed at the time of assessment but subsequently were managed surgically. NRS = numerical rating scale; DASH = Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand; DASS = Depression Anxiety Stress Scales

Blood obtained

Blood not obtained

p

no CRPS

CRPS

(IASP only)

CRPS (Budapest)

p

Number

535

167

335

31

12

Gender

female

173 (32.3%)

63 (37.7%)

0.20

108 (32.2%)

17 (54.8%)

7 (58.3%)

0.009

male

362 (67.7%)

104 (62.3%)

227 (67.8%)

14 (45.2%)

5 (41.7%)

Age, mean (SD)

38.6 (16.4)

38.5 (16.7)

0.97

38.1 (16.3)

51.0 (16.2)

37.8 (11.2)

< 0.001

Dominant hand

left

64 (12.0%)

19 (11.4%)

0.84

36 (10.7%)

2 (6.5%)

1 (8.3%)

0.73

right

468 (87.5%)

147 (88.0%)

299 (89.3%)

29 (93.5%)

11 (91.7%)

missing

3 (0.6%)

1 (0.6%)

Injured side

left

241 (45.0%)

69 (41.3%)

0.39

146 (43.6%)

14 (45.2%)

5 (41.7%)

0.98

right

293 (54.8%)

98 (58.7%)

189 (56.4%)

17 (54.8%)

7 (58.3%)

missing

1 (0.2%)

0 (0.0%)

Pain NRS, mean (SD)

2.8 (1.8)

2.9 (1.8)

0.38

2.7 (1.8)

3.7 (1.7)

4.4 (2.2)

< 0.001

QuickDASH score, mean (SD)

49.5 (15.9)

50.7 (17.2)

0.38

48.3 (15.7)

59.4 (16.3)

61.2 (18.1)

< 0.001

DASS21 Depression Score, mean (SD)

3.4 (4.0)

3.4 (4.7)

0.82

3.1 (3.9)

4.0 (4.0)

7.0 (4.2)

0.002

DASS21 Anxiety Score, mean (SD)

2.2 (3.0)

2.7 (3.9)

0.09

1.9 (2.7)

2.5 (3.7)

4.6 (4.7)

0.005

DASS21 Stress Score, mean (SD)

5.5 (4.6)

5.4 (5.1)

0.89

5.2 (4.5)

7.2 (4.4)

9.0 (4.7)

0.002

Recent or chronic illness

no

443 (82.8%)

132 (79.0%)

0.59

280 (83.6%)

25 (80.6%)

8 (66.7%)

0.3

yes

92 (17.2%)

31 (18.6%)

55 (16.4%)

6 (19.4%)

4 (33.3%)

missing

0 (0.0%)

4 (2.4%)

Asthma

no

483 (90.3%)

144 (86.2%)

0.47

303 (90.4%)

28 (90.3%)

10 (83.3%)

0.72

yes

52 (9.7%)

19 (11.4%)

32 (9.6%)

3 (9.7%)

2 (16.7%)

missing

0 (0.0%)

4 (2.4%)

Other pain

no

388 (72.5%)

119 (71.3%)

0.99

253 (75.5%)

19 (61.3%)

8 (66.7%)

0.19

yes

147 (27.5%)

45 (26.9%)

82 (24.5%)

12 (38.7%)

4 (33.3%)

missing

0 (0.0%)

3 (1.8%)

Cohort Data

Case-control data

Blood obtained

Blood not obtained

p

no CRPS

CRPS

(IASP only)

CRPS (Budapest)

p

Other inflammatory condition

no

497 (92.9%)

155 (92.8%)

0.32

308 (91.9%)

27 (87.1%)

12 (100.0%)

0.37

yes

38 (7.1%)

8 (4.8%)

27 (8.1%)

4 (12.9%)

0 (0.0%)

missing

0 (0.0%)

4 (2.4%)

Fracture site

distal radius

173 (32.3%)

50 (29.9%)

0.62

100 (29.9%)

15 (48.4%)

7 (58.3%)

0.48

distal ulna

5 (0.9%)

1 (0.6%)

2 (0.6%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

metacarpal

206 (38.5%)

72 (43.1%)

135 (40.3%)

9 (29.0%)

2 (16.7%)

scaphoid

51 (9.5%)

18 (10.8%)

34 (10.1%)

3 (9.7%)

1 (8.3%)

other carpal bone

28 (5.2%)

4 (2.4%)

17 (5.1%)

1 (3.2%)

1 (8.3%)

multiple fractures

72 (13.5%)

22 (13.2%)

47 (14.0%)

3 (9.7%)

1 (8.3%)

Intra-articular involvement

no

385 (72.0%)

115 (68.9%)

0.30

240 (71.6%)

25 (80.6%)

4 (33.3%)

0.011

yes

122 (22.8%)

45 (26.9%)

80 (23.9%)

6 (19.4%)

7 (58.3%)

missing

28 (5.2%)

7 (4.2%)

15 (4.5%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (8.3%)

Management

conservative

356 (66.5%)

110 (65.9%)

0.12

222 (66.3%)

19 (61.3%)

5 (41.7%)

0.16

surgical

153 (28.6%)

42 (25.1%)

97 (29.0%)

8 (25.8%)

6 (50.0%)

surgical but seen preop.*

26 (4.9%)

15 (9.0%)

16 (4.8%)

4 (12.9%)

1 (8.3%)

Days since fracture at baseline, mean (SD)

10.9 (5.0)

10.9 (5.3)

0.98

11.2 (5.3)

10.2 (4.8)

15.8 (6.2)

0.006