Table 2 Characteristics of the studies

Hackney

2009 USA [54]

Tango

14 (E)

17 (C)

13 weeks, 2 times/week,

60 min/session, 120 min/week

Studio

Dance instructor

1–3

(2.1)

11/3 (E)

12/5 (C)

68.2 ± 1.4 (E)

66.5 ± 2.8 (C)

UPDRS, BBS, TUG, 6MWT

Duncan

2012 USA [40]

Tango

26 (E)

26 (C)

12 weeks, 2 times/week,

60 min/session, 120 min/week

Community

Partners

1–4

(2.6)

15/11 (E)

15/11 C)

69.3 ± 1.9 (E)

69.0 ± 1.5 (C)

UPDRS-III, FOG-Q, 6MWT,

Choi

2013 S. Korea [44]

Tai Chi

11 (E)

9 (C)

12 weeks, 3 times/week,

60 min/session, 180 min/week

Clinic + community

Not mentioned

1–2

(1.6)

––

60.81 ± 7.6(E)

65.4 ± 6.8(C)

UPDRS-III, PDQ, BBS, BDI

S.-M. Cheon

2013 Korea [48]

Tai Chi

9 (E)

7 (C)

8 weeks, 3 times/week,

60 min/session, 180 min/week

Not mentioned

Instructors

1–3

––-

65.6 ± 7.9 (E)

64.9 ± 7.2 (C)

UPDRS, UPDRS-III, functional fitness

Amano

2013 USA [38]

Tai Chi

15 (E)

9 (C)

16 weeks, 3 times/week,

60 min/session, 180 min/week

Exercise studio

Not mentioned

2.4

7/8 (E)

7/2 (C)

66 ± 11 (E)

65 ± 7 (c)

UPDRS, GI, Gait

Gao

2014 China [53]

Tai Chi

37 (E)

39 (C)

12 weeks, 3 times/week,

60 min/session, 180 min/week

Community

Tai Chi instructor

1–4

(2.8)

23/14 (E)

27/12 (C)

69.54 ± 7.32 (E)

68.28 ± 8.53 (C)

BBS, UPDRS-III, TUG

Cugusi

2015 Italy [39]

Nordic Walking

10 (E)

10 (C)

12 weeks, 2 times/week,

60 min/session, 120 min/week

Not mentioned

Physical

Activity professionals

1–3

2/8 (E)

2/8(C)

68.1 ± 8.7 (E)

66.6 ± 7.3 (C)

UPDRS-III, 6MWT, BBS, HY scale, BDI-II, TUG,

Rios Romenets

2015 Canada [43]

Tango

18 (E)

15 (C)

12 weeks, 2 times/week,

60 min/session, 120 min/week

Dance studio

Partner

1–3

(1.7)

12/6 (E)

7/8 (C)

63.2 ± 9.9(E)

64.3 ± 8.1(C)

UPDRS-III, TUG, PDQ39

Hashimoto

2015 Japan [41]

Dance

15 (E)

14 (C)

12 weeks, 1 time/week,

60 min/session, 60 min/week

Community halls

Video

2–4

(2.7)

3/12 (E)

7/7 (C)

67.9 ± 7.0 (E)

69.7 ± 4.0 (C)

UPDRS, BBS, TUG, SDS

Liu

2016 China [46]

Qigong

28 (E)

26 (C)

10 weeks,

5 times/week,

60 min/session, 300 min/week

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

1–3

11/17 (E)

14/12 (C)

65.84 ± 5.45 (E)

62.5 ± 3.13 (C)

TUG

Vergara-Diaz

2018 USA [57]

Tai Chi

16 (E)

16 (C)

12/24 weeks, 3 times/week,

60 min/session, 180 min/week

Hospital

Instructional DVD

1–2.5

(2.2)

9/7 (E)

7/9 (C)

65.7 ± 3.86 (E)

62 ± 7.77(C)

UPDRS-III, TUG, PDQ39

Michels

2018 USA [42]

Dance

9 (E)

4 (C)

10 weeks, 1 time/week,

60 min/session, 60 min/week

Movement studio

Dance therapist

1–4

(2.11)

–––

66.44 (E)

75.50 (C)

UPDRS-III, BBS, TUG, PDQ-39

Kunkel

2017 UK [55]

Dance

31 (E)

15 (C)

10 weeks, 2 times/week,

60 min/session, 120 min/week

Dance Centre

Dance teacher

1–3

(2.4)

19/17 (E)

6/9 (C)

71.3 ± 7.7(E)

69.7 ± 6.0(C)

TUG, 6MWT, BBS

Van Puymbroeck

2018 USA [50]

Yoga

15 (E)

12 (C)

8 weeks, 2 times/week,

60 min/session, 120 min/week

Clinic

 + university

Yoga

therapist

1.5–3

(2.3)

10/5(E)

7/5 (C)

65.3 ± 6.09(E)

70.5 ± 4.44(C)

UPDRS, MINI, FGA, FOG

Cheung

2018 USA [52]

Yoga

10 (E)

10 (C)

12 weeks, 2 times/week,

60 min/session, 120 min/week

yoga studio

Yoga instructor

1–3

(2)

––

63.5 ± 8.5(E)

65.8 ± 6.6(C)

UPDRS-III, Oxidative status

H.J. Lee

2018 S. Korea [37]

Qi Dance

15 (E)

16 (C)

8 weeks, 2 times/week,

60 min/session, 120 min/week

Hospital

DVD + 

instructor

1–3

(2)

10/5 (E)

7/9 (C)

65.8 ± 7.2(E)

65.7 ± 6.4(C)

UPDRS, PDQ, BBS, BDI

Wroblewska

2019 UK [36]

Nordic Walking

20 (E)

20 (C)

12 weeks, 2 times/week,

60 min/session, 120 min/week

Outdoors

Physiotherapist^a

2–3

(2.5)

8/12(E)

9/11(C)

72.1 ± 7.5 (E)

67.6 ± 6.6(C)

FOG-Q, TUG

P. Solla

2019 Italy [51]

Sardinian

Folk Dance

10 (E)

10 (C)

12 weeks, 2 times/week,

90 min/session, 180 min/week

Not mentioned

Sardinian folk dance teacher

1–3

(2.1)

6/4 (E)

7/3 (C)

67.8 ± 5.9(E)

67.1 ± 6.3(C)

UPDRS-III, 6MWT, BBS, TUG

Kalyani

2020 Australia [49]

Dance

17 (E)

16 (C)

12 weeks, 2 times/week,

60 min/session, 120 min/week

Queensland Ballet

instructor

1–3

(1.65)

3/14 (E)

10/6 (C)

65.24 ± 11.88 (E)

66.50 ± 7.70 (C)

UPDRS III, TUG(3), BBS, FOG

P. L. Wu

2021 China [56]

Home-based exercise

49 (E)

49 (C)

4/8 weeks, 3 times/week,

30–50 min/session, 150 min/week

Home

By phone

1–2

(1.4)

26/23 (E)

30/19 (C)

65.12 ± 7.54(E)

63.65 ± 6.02(C)

UPDRS-III

Wan

2021 China [45]

Qigong

20 (E)

20 (C)

12 weeks, 4 times/week,

60 min/session, 240 min/week

Not mentioned

Qigong health coach

1–4

8/12 (E)

11/9 (C)

64.95 ± 7.83(E)

67.03 ± 7.47(C)

TUG

Li

2022 China [47]

Qigong

15 (E)

16 (C)

12 weeks, 5 times/week,

60 min/session, 300 min/week

In a particular place

Qigong health instructor

1–3

5/10 (E)

6/10 (C)

65.87 ± 6.13 (E)

63.25 ± 6.70 (C)

UPDRS-III, TUG