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Table 3 Association between WHODAS 2.0 domains and selected variables

From: Health-related quality of life using WHODAS 2.0 and associated factors 1 year after stroke in Korea: a multi-centre and cross-sectional study

Variable

Understanding and Communicating

Getting Around

Self-Care

aOR

(95% CI)

P

aOR

(95% CI)

P

aOR

(95% CI)

P

Age (years)

1.03

(1.01–1.05)a

0.010

1.06

(1.04–1.09)

< 0.001

1.07

(1.04–1.10)

< 0.001

Sex: female

1.21

(0.77–1.90)

0.404

1.25

(0.79–1.97)

0.339

0.86

(0.50–1.48)

0.582

Living without spouse

0.97

(0.61–1.56)

0.915

1.05

(0.66–1.69)

0.826

1.44

(0.84–2.47)

0.181

Highest academic qualification

 Elementary school

1.44

(0.68–3.06)

0.344

0.80

(0.38–1.70)

0.565

1.30

(0.50–3.34)

0.590

 Middle school

2.07

(0.96–4.45)

0.063

0.91

(0.42–1.94)

0.799

2.66

(1.02–6.92)

0.045

 High school

1.32

(0.66–2.63)

0.434

0.84

(0.43–1.66)

0.617

2.92

(1.20–7.12)

0.018

 College and above

 

1

  

1

  

1

 

Monthly family income (10,000won)

 100 and less

0.73

(0.43–1.24)

0.243

1.10

(0.63–1.87)

0.733

1.58

(0.86–2.93)

0.143

 100 to 200

1.30

(0.77–2.18)

0.039

1.10

(0.65–1.86)

0.996

1.25

(0.69–2.30)

0.479

 More than 200

 

1

  

1

  

1

 

Recurrent stroke

1.22

(0.71–2.11)

0.465

1.88

(1.08–3.26)

0.024

1.42

(0.78–2.59)

0.253

mRSb

 Normal to mild

 

1

  

1

  

1

 

 Moderate to severe

4.04

(2.06–7.93)

< 0.001

8.27

(4.03–16.96)

< 0.001

11.60

(5.50–24.46)

< 0.001

Complication after stroke

 Hemiplegia

1.41

(0.87–2.28)

0.159

3.86

(2.37–6.27)

< 0.001

5.32

(3.06–9.28)

< 0.001

 Dysarthria

1.88

(1.17–3.03)

0.010

1.32

(0.81–2.15)

0.263

1.16

(0.67–1.98)

0.599

 Facial palsy

2.76

(0.95–8.02)

0.063

4.85

(1.55–15.21)

0.007

1.70

(0.53–5.42)

0.372

 Trouble seeing

2.86

(1.11–7.38)

0.030

1.44

(0.52–4.00)

0.480

1.97

(0.66–5.84)

0.222

 Paresthesia

0.86

(0.26–2.79)

0.800

2.31

(0.76–7.02)

0.140

2.00

(0.48–8.23)

0.339

 Cognition problem

5.59

(1.61–19.38)

0.007

0.65

(0.18–2.32)

0.506

1.30

(0.33–5.15)

0.706

 General weakness

2.46

(0.88–6.88)

0.085

3.19

(1.14–8.93)

0.027

0.98

(0.24–3.93)

0.972

MGL knowledgec

 Low

2.15

(0.68–6.75)

0.191

2.24

(0.72–7.00)

0.164

2.93

(0.87–9.86)

0.082

 High

 

1

  

1

  

1

 

MGL motivationc

 Low

3.12

(1.75–5.55)

< 0.001

3.22

(1.78–5.80)

< 0.001

2.88

(1.52–5.46)

0.001

 High

 

1

  

1

.

 

1

 

Variable

Getting Along with People

Life Activities

Participation in Society

aOR

(95% CI)

P

aOR

(95% CI)

P

aOR

(95% CI)

P

Age (years)

1.02

(1.00–1.04)

0.051

1.05

(1.03–1.07)

< 0.001

1.00

(0.98–1.02)

0.979

Sex: female

1.34

(0.85–2.11)

0.208

1.42

(0.89–2.29)

0.146

1.13

(0.73–1.76)

0.589

Living without spouse

0.70

(0.43–1.13)

0.141

1.04

(0.64–1.70)

0.871

1.76

(1.11–2.80)

0.017

Highest academic qualification

 Elementary school

1.59

(0.74–3.40)

0.235

1.28

(0.57–2.86)

0.543

1.07

(0.52–2.21)

0.846

 Middle school

2.17

(1.01–4.67)

0.048

2.23

(1.00–5.01)

0.051

1.24

(0.60–2.58)

0.565

 High school

1.58

(0.80–3.14)

0.188

1.70

(0.82–3.54)

0.155

1.22

(0.65–2.30)

0.538

 College and above

 

1

  

1

  

1

 

Monthly family income (10,000won)

 100 and less

1.34

(0.78–2.29)

0.292

1.77

(1.01–3.11)

0.048

1.16

(0.69–1.97)

0.574

 100 to 200

1.20

(0.70–2.04)

0.694

1.70

(0.98–2.96)

0.899

1.08

(0.64–1.83)

0.799

 More than 200

 

1

  

1

  

1

 

Recurrent stroke

1.72

(1.00–2.94)

0.049

1.30

(0.74–2.28)

0.367

1.73

(1.00–3.01)

0.050

mRSb

 Normal to mild

 

1

  

1

  

1

 

 Moderate to severe

1.03

(0.53–2.00)

0.924

10.17

(4.84–21.35)

< 0.001

12.48

(5.77–27.00)

< 0.001

Complication after stroke

 Hemiplegia

2.72

(1.68–4.42)

< 0.001

6.23

(3.74–10.38)

< 0.001

3.87

(2.38–6.28)

< 0.001

 Dysarthria

1.82

(1.13–2.94)

0.015

1.87

(1.14–3.06)

0.013

1.94

(1.19–3.18)

0.008

 Facial palsy

1.56

(0.53–4.62)

0.418

2.36

(0.77–7.20)

0.131

1.94

(0.62–6.04)

0.253

 Trouble seeing

1.61

(0.61–4.26)

0.334

2.67

(0.97–7.39)

0.058

5.45

(1.93–15.41)

0.001

 Paresthesia

1.51

(0.48–4.78)

0.485

1.17

(0.32–4.25)

0.810

1.53

(0.51–4.58)

0.447

 Cognition problem

1.93

(0.56–6.63)

0.298

2.68

(0.77–9.31)

0.122

6.06

(1.62–22.58)

0.007

 General weakness

2.28

(0.81–6.43)

0.120

1.19

(0.37–3.84)

0.777

3.88

(1.38–10.92)

0.010

MGL knowledge

 Low

2.23

(0.72–6.93)

0.164

4.35

(1.31–14.44)

0.016

2.19

(0.65–7.37)

0.207

 High

 

1

  

1

  

1

 

MGL motivation

 Low

3.83

(2.16–6.82)

< 0.001

3.21

(1.76–5.82)

< 0.001

2.59

(1.42–4.70)

0.002

 High

 

1

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1

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1

 
  1. mRS modified Rankin Score, MGL Morisky, Green and Levin-Medication Adherence Questionnaire
  2. aAdjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) from ordinal logistic regression models were estimated using age, sex, living without spouse, education level, family income level, recurrent stroke, mRS, hemiplegia, dysarthria, facial palsy, trouble seeing, paresthesia, cognition problem, general weakness, MGL knowledge and MGL motivation
  3. bNormal to mild mRS < 3; moderate to severe mRS ≥ 3
  4. cLow MGL knowledge (or motivation) < 2; high MGL knowledge (or motivation) ≥ 2
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BMC Neurology

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