Table 1 Reported cases of GSD with CSF leakage
Authors & Year | Age, Sex | Bone Involvement Causing CSF Leakage | Symptoms | Intracranial pressure | Rhinorrhoea | Chiari-like tonsillar herniation | Treatment of CSF leakage | Follow-up /outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present case | 20, M | Thoracic and lumbar spine | Orthostatic headache | Low–high | None | Yes | EBP | 1 year, rebound intracranial hypertension, improved | - |
Yoshimoto et al. 2018 | 19, F | Femur and pelvis | Headache, motor weakness, visual acuity loss, papilledema | Low–high | None | Yes | EBP | 1 year, improved | [7] |
Morimoto et al. 2013 | 11, F | Right temporal bone (petrous apex) | Vertigo, headache, and pulsatile tinnitus, nausea, hearing loss | High | None | None | Surgical repair (extradural middle fossa approach with temporal fascia flap) | 1 year, improved | [8] |
Hosoya et al. 2020 | 25, M | Temporal bone | Otorrhea, meningitis | - | None | None | Infection control and bed rest | Improved | [12] |
Aouad et al. 2022 | 3, F | Temporal bone | Fever, left otorrhea, swelling of the left neck | Low-rebound intracranial hypertension | None | Yes | Surgical treatment (mastoidectomy, fat graft) | Improved, rebound intracranial hypertension | [9] |
Nagashima et al. 2017 | 25, F | Skull base (Right petrous apex) | Meningitis, headache, hearing loss | Normal | None | Yes | An endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach | Follow-up | [13] |
Cushing et al. 2010 | 12, M | Right petrous apex | Headache, nausea, vomiting, meningitis | Low | None | None | Middle ear and mastoid obliteration | 6 months, Improved | [14] |
Hernández-Marqués et al. 2011 | 2, M | Temporal bone | Fever, right otorrhea, vomiting, drowsiness, watery otorrhea, meningitis | - | None | None | Surgical interventions (mastectomy, placement of a patch, a lumbar drainage device) | The leakage ceased | [15] |
Maroufi et al. 2022 | 11, M | Skull base | Neck pain | - | Yes | Cranial settling | Conservative management (bed rest, oral acetazolamide) | - | [16] |
Fukayama et al. 2022 | 14, F | Skull base | Fever, neck pain, headache, vomiting, jaw pain, bacterial meningitis | - | None | None | Sirolimus | 6 months, no recurrence of meningitis | [17] |
Newland et al. 2008 | 27, M | Skull base | Chronic intermittent clear nasal discharge, headache | - | Yes | None | A sphenoid obliteration, lateral temporal bone resection, the Eustachian tube was obliterated | - | [18] |
Nozawa et al. 2016 | 6, M | Skull base | CSF leakage, hearing loss, facial palsy | - | Yes | Herniation of cerebellar tissue into the internal auditory canal | Sirolimus | 3 years, improved | [19] |
Morinaga et al. 2022 | 33, F | The left temporal and sphenoid bones | Recurrent meningitis | - | None | None | Endoscopic endonasal surgery for dural reconstruction | 12 months, improved | [20] |
Watanabe et al. 2021 | 16, M | Temporal bone | Nasal discharge, right ear obstruction, fever, headache | Normal | Yes | None | Fistula closure by transmeatal approach | 4 years, stable | [21] |
Peragallo et al. 2018 | 18, F | The right temporal bone | Bacterial meningitis | Low–high | None | Yes | Zoledronic acid | Rebound intracranial hypertension | [22] |
Yokoi et al. 2020 | 14, F | T9-10 | Thoracic back pain, headache | Low | None | Yes | Dural repair, a blood patch | 6 months, improved | [23] |
Suero Molina et al. 2014 | 30, M | T11 vertebral body | Headache | Low | None | Yes | Neurosurgical management by repair of the dura | 12 months, improved | [24] |
Adler et al. 2011 | 7, F | Lumbar spine | Headache | Low | None | Yes | 3 transforaminal blood patches | 6 months, improved | [25] |
Iyer et al. 1979 | 58, F | Skull (calvarial lesion) | Headache, vomiting, and delirium, meningitis | High | Yes | None | - | - | [26] |