Table 2 Patient characteristics in the progressive hemorrhagic injury (PHI) subgroups and non-PHI group
Characteristics | Category | Non-PHI n (%) | PHI n (%) | P- value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pIPCH | pEDH | pSDH/tSAH | ||||
Age | Mean ± SD | 47.19 ± 19.91 | 57.94 ± 14.36 | 40.17 ± 13.12 | 46.31 ± 20.38 | .000* |
≥ 60 years | 52 (17.6) | 34 (47.2) | 2 (5.7) | 4 (25.0) | .000† | |
Gender | Male | 219 (74.0) | 60 (83.3) | 29 (82.9) | 12 (75.0) | .296§ |
Mechanism | Motor vehicle | 152(51.4) | 40(55.6) | 22(62.9) | 10(62.5) | |
Fall | 77(26.0) | 15(20.8) | 8(22.9) | 5(14.3) | ||
Assault | 15(5.1) | 3(4.2) | 5(14.2) | 0(0) | ||
Other | 52(17.5) | 14(19.4) | 0(0) | 1(6.2) | .038† | |
GCS score | 3 − 8 | 34 (11.5) | 25 (34.7) | 13 (37.1) | 12 (75.0) | |
9 − 12 | 38 (12.8) | 21 (29.2) | 7 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
13 − 15 | 224 (75.7) | 26 (36.1) | 15 (42.9) | 4 (25.0) | .000† | |
Motor score | 1 − 2 | 10 (3.4) | 2 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (43.8) | |
3 | 8 (2.7) | 4 (5.6) | 2 (5.7) | 2 (12.5) | ||
4 | 14 (4.7) | 15 (20.8) | 7 (20.0) | 1 (6.3) | ||
5 | 45 (15.2) | 27 (37.5) | 12 (34.3) | 2 (12.5) | ||
6 | 219 (74.0) | 24 (33.3) | 14 (40.0) | 4 (25.0) | .000† | |
Pupil | Both reactive | 274 (92.6) | 63 (87.5) | 29 (82.9) | 8 (50.0) | |
one reactive | 8 (2.7) | 3 (4.2) | 4 (11.4) | 3 (18.8) | ||
Non-reactive | 14 (4.7) | 6 (8.3) | 2 (5.7) | 5 (31.3) | .000† | |
Time to 1st CT scan (h) | < 3 h | 58 | 19 | 11 | 3 | |
3–6 h | 144 | 33 | 18 | 10 | ||
> 6 h | 94 | 20 | 6 | 3 | .349† | |
Fracture | Linear | 148 | 47 | 34 | 8 | .000† |
Primary lesion volume | Mean ± SD | 13.32 ± 21.93 | 24.42 ± 23.06 | 44.46 ± 45.14 | 19.93 ± 31.32 | .003# |
EDH | Yes | 82 (27.7) | 8 (11.1) | 30 (85.7) | 2 (12.5) | .000† |
tSAH/IVH | Yes | 167 (56.4) | 46 (63.9) | 12 (34.3) | 13 (81.3) | .006† |
Midline shift | ≥ 5 mm | 27 (9.1) | 7 (9.7) | 10 (28.6) | 4 (25.0) | .004† |
Cistern compression | normal | 248 (83.8) | 51 (70.8) | 15 (42.9) | 11 (68.8) | |
compressed | 36 (12.2) | 14 (19.4) | 16 (45.7) | 1 (6.3) | ||
absent | 12 (4.1) | 7 (9.7) | 4 (11.4) | 4 (25) | .000† | |
D-dimer (mg/L) | Mean ± SD | 7.22 ± 13.74 | 17.25 ± 21.69 | 11.20 ± 16.02 | 33.54 ± 30.31 | 0.000# |
6-month outcome | Dead | 7 (2.4) | 19 (26.4) | 3 (8.6) | 7 (43.8) | |
Unfavorable survival | 12 (4.1) | 15 (20.8) | 3 (8.6) | 4 (25.0) | ||
Favorable survival | 277 (93.6) | 38 (52.8) | 29 (82.9) | 5 (31.3) | .000† | |
LOS | Days | 19.2 ± 18.55 | 32.1 ± 32.27 | 21.80 ± 14.69 | 40.44 ± 64.01 | 0.00# |
PTCH | Yes | 5 (1.7) | 6 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (18.8) | .001† |
PTCI | Yes | 4 (1.4) | 4 (5.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | .057† |