Table 2 Description of the characteristics of individuals with TBI and their association with ICU outcome

Age (years), mean ± SD

45.3 ± 19.1

44.5 ± 18.9

47.6 ± 19.7

0.016^b

Male, n (%)*

948 (85.1)

689 (72.7)

259 (27.3)

0.707^c

Trauma mechanism, n (%) *

< 0.001^a

GSW/SW

77 (7.4)

47 (56.6)

36 (43.4)

Physical Aggression

142 (12.7)

113 (79.6)

29 (20.4)

Run over

158 (14.2)

104 (65.8)

54 (34.2)

Cyclist

50 (4.5)

29 (58)

21 (42)

Collision

93 (8.3)

73 (78.5)

20 (21.5)

Motorbike

203 (18.2)

159 (78.3)

44 (21.7)

SLF

238 (21.4)

172 (72.3)

66 (27.7)

OLF

147 (13.2)

110 (74.8)

37 (25.2)

Passage to the operating room before ICU addition, n(%)

0,033^c

Yes

789 (70.8)

557 (70.6)

232 (29.4)

No

325 (29.2)

250 (76.9)

75 (23.1)

Apache II score, mean; med. (min-max)

20; 19 (0–49)

16.5; 15 (0–41)

29.1; 30 (6–49)

0.000^d

Worst Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) in the first 24 h, mean; med. (min-max)

9; 10 (3–15)

10.5; 12 (3–15)

5.3; 3 (3–15)

0.000^d

Classification of Severity of TBI by the worst GCS in the first 24 h, n(%)

< 0,001^a

Severe (GCS 3 to 8)

519 (46.6)

264 (50.9)

255 (49.1)

Moderate (GCS 9 to 12)

205 (18.4)

176 (85.9)

29 (14.1)

Mild (GCS 13 to 15)

390 (35.0)

367 (94.1)

23 (5.9)

SOFA score in the first 24 h, mean; med. (min-max) ^#

6.5; 6 (0–18)

5.4; 5 (0–16)

9.5; 9 (2–18)

0.000^d

Number of injuries on cranial CT, n (%) *

< 0.001^a

None

43 (3.9)

39 (90.7)

4 (9.3)

One

736 (66.1)

552 (75)

184 (25)

Two

250 (22.4)

176 (70.4)

74 (29.6)

Three

85 (7.6)

40 (47.1)

45 (52.9)

Injuries evidenced on CT, n (%) *

Cerebral contusion

167 (15.0)

122 (73.1)

45 (26.9)

0.015^e

DAI

47 (4.2)

40 (85.1)

7 (14.9)

0.527^e

Fracture and/or depression

99 (8.9)

70 (70.7)

29 (29.3)

0.009^e

SAH

379 (34.0)

244 (64.4)

135 (35.6)

< 0.001^e

SDH

401 (36.0)

268 (66.8)

133 (33.2)

< 0.001^e

EDH

151 (13.6)

127 (84.1)

24 (15.9)

0.335^e

IPH

149 (13.4)

112 (75.2)

37 (24.8)

0.034^e

Haemoventriculum

19 (1.7)

8 (42.1)

11 (57.9)

< 0.001^e

Cerebral edema

55 (4.9)

17 (30.9)

38 (69.1)

< 0.001^e

Ischaemia

8 (0.7)

2 (25)

6 (75)

< 0.001^e

Pneumocephalus

13 (1.2)

11 (84.6)

2 (15.4)

0.615^e

Presence of polytrauma, n (%) *

318 (28.5)

230 (72.3)

88 (27.7)

1^c

Number of injury follow-ups in addition to TBI, n (%) *

0.260^a

None

796 (71.5)

577 (72.5)

219 (27.5)

One

190 (17.1)

142 (74.7)

48 (25.3)

Two

94 (8.4)

61 (64.9)

33 (35.1)

Three or more

34 (3.1)

27 (79.4)

7 (20.6)

Injury follow-up in addition to TBI, n (%) *

Thorax

140 (44)

87 (62.1)

53 (37.9)

0,015^f

Abdomen

56 (17.6)

37 (66.1)

19 (33.9)

0,355^f

Pelvis

14 (4.4)

11 (78.6)

3 (21.4)

0,768^f

SCI

59 (18.6)

44 (74.6)

15 (25.4)

0,880^f

Limbs

129 (40.6)

93 (72.1)

36 (27.9)

0,916^f

Face and/or neck (except spine)

84 (26.4)

75 (89.3)

9 (10.7)

< 0,001^f

TREATMENT OF TBI

Approach to TBI treatment, n (%) *

0,138^c

Conservative

494 (44.3)

369 (74.7)

125 (25.3)

Surgical

620 (55.7)

438 (70.6)

182 (29.4)

Procedures performed to treat TBI, n (%) *

ICPm

418 (67.4)

272 (65.1)

146 (34.9)

0,002 ^g

Craniectomy

158 (25.5)

86 (54.4)

72 (45.6)

< 0.001 ^g

Haematoma drainage

140 (22.6)

122 (87.1)

18 (12.9)

0.002 ^g

EVD

94 (15.5)

71 (75.5)

23 (24.5)

1 ^g

Correction of fracture and/or depression

8 (1.3)

8 (100)

0 (0)

0.210 ^g

ICU OUTCOME

Length of stay, mean; med. (min-max)

10.8; 7 (1–90)

12; 8 (1–90)

7.4; 5 (1–74)

< 0.001^d

Level of LST, n (%) ^§

< 0.001^a

LST-A

803 (74.1)

742 (92.4)

61 (7.6)

LST-B

74 (6.8)

24 (32.4)

50 (67.6)

LST-C

77 (7.1)

14 (18.2)

63 (81.8)

LST-D

17 (1.6)

1 (5.6)

17 (94.4)

LST-E

113 (10.4)

0 (0)

113 (100)