Table 4 List of studies on the association between obesity and stroke outcomes

Liu Z et al. 2021 [18]

Placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial

1033

BMI is inversely associated with short-term mortality, and U-shaped or J-shaped with short-term functional outcomes

Oesch L et al. 2017 [19]

Twenty-five studies, non-randomized studies

299,750

One study showed the association between WHtR and mortality was U-shaped

BMI and mortality after stroke: ten of twelve studies support the existence of an obesity paradox

BMI and non-fatal outcome: seven of nine studies reported the association between higher body weight and improved non-fatal outcomes

Rozen G et al. 2022 [20]

Real-world national cohort

84,185

Inverse association between BMI and in-hospital mortality

Aparicio HJ et al. 2017 [14]

Nested case–control study

782 (stroke patients)

Overweight and low obese patients but not high obese patients had reduced 10-year mortality

Akyea RK et al. 2021 [21]

A prospective cohort study

30,702

Overweight or obesity was associated with better long-term outcomes, including lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and mortality

Jang SY et al. 2015 [22]

A nested case study within a prospective nationwide cohort

2057

Extreme obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m²) is associated with short-term good functional outcomes, especially for the young

Pirson FAV et al. 2019 [23]

A post hoc analysis of a national randomized trial for acute ischemic stroke

366

Higher BMI was associated with better short-term prognosis, including improved functional outcome, reduced mortality for large vessel occlusion patients

BMI did not affect endovascular treatment effect

Freeman C et al. 2022 [24]

Retrospective cohort study

392

The association between higher BMI and functional gains was affected by age, motor function on admission and diabetes

Scherbakov N et al. 2011 [25]

a multicenter randomized trial and six non-randomized studies

218,826

Higher mortality in undernourished patients (a randomized trial)

Inverse association of BMI and mortality (three studies, follow-up time 5–10 years)

Increased BMI associated with high mortality (two Asian studies)

Weight loss > 3 kg associated with increased mortality (a population-based study)

Xu J et al. 2019 [26]

a nationwide prospective cohort

1227

A Chinese study showed that the BMI paradox existed in insulin-resistant patients but does not in insulin-sensitive ischemic stroke patients