Table 1 Baseline characteristics of included patients

Age, years, Mean ± SD

68.76 ± 15.60

68.56 ± 15.86

70.08 ± 13.77

t = -1.36

0.175

Gender, n (%)

χ² = 0.122

0.726

 Female

685 (50.44)

591 (50.26)

94 (51.65)

 Male

673 (49.56)

585 (49.74)

88 (48.35)

Ethnicity, n (%)

χ² = 2.020

0.568

 Black

121 (8.91)

104 (8.84)

17 (9.34)

 Others

164 (12.08)

138 (11.73)

26 (14.29)

 Unknown

93 (6.85)

84 (7.14)

9 (4.95)

 White

980 (72.16)

850 (72.28)

130 (71.43)

Insurance, n (%)

χ² = 0.759

0.684

 Medicare

848 (62.44)

733 (62.33)

115 (63.19)

 Others

136 (10.01)

121 (10.29)

15 (8.24)

 Private

374 (27.54)

322 (27.38)

52 (28.57)

Ventilation, n (%)

χ² = 23.297

 < 0.001

 No

636 (46.83)

581 (49.40)

55 (30.22)

 Yes

722 (53.17)

595 (50.60)

127 (69.78)

Vasopressor, n (%)

χ² = 35.141

 < 0.001

 No

884 (65.10)

801 (68.11)

83 (45.60)

 Yes

474 (34.90)

375 (31.89)

99 (54.40)

Rrt, n (%)

χ² = 13.020

 < 0.001

 No

1285 (94.62)

1123 (95.49)

162 (89.01)

 Yes

73 (5.38)

53 (4.51)

20 (10.99)

Iv-tPA, n (%)

χ² = 20.859

 < 0.001

 No

1121 (82.55)

949 (80.70)

172 (94.51)

 Yes

237 (17.45)

227 (19.30)

10 (5.49)

Beta blockers, n (%)

χ² = 1.275

0.259

 No

1264 (93.08)

1091 (92.77)

173 (95.05)

 Yes

94 (6.92)

85 (7.23)

9 (4.95)

Endovascular treatment, n (%)

χ² = 2.627

0.105

 No

1268 (93.37)

1093 (92.94)

175 (96.15)

 Yes

90 (6.63)

83 (7.06)

7 (3.85)

Weight, kg, Mean ± SD

78.17 ± 17.85

78.27 ± 17.70

77.55 ± 18.82

t = 0.50

0.616

SBP, mmHg, Mean ± SD

138.54 ± 28.30

140.81 ± 28.27

123.89 ± 23.80

t = 8.69

 < 0.001

DBP, mmHg, Mean ± SD

69.88 ± 18.32

70.46 ± 18.37

66.17 ± 17.56

t = 2.95

0.003

Respiratory rate, bpm, Mean ± SD

18.26 ± 5.18

18.15 ± 5.08

18.95 ± 5.75

t = -1.76

0.079

Heart rate, bpm, Mean ± SD

83.72 ± 18.97

82.93 ± 18.64

88.82 ± 20.30

t = -3.91

 < 0.001

Temperature, °C, Mean ± SD

36.61 ± 0.95

36.62 ± 0.90

36.55 ± 1.23

t = 0.68

0.494

SpO2, %, Mean ± SD

98.02 ± 2.40

98.01 ± 2.41

98.09 ± 2.32

t = -0.43

0.667

SAPSII, score, M (Q₁, Q₃)

35.00 (27.00, 45.00)

34.00 (26.00, 43.00)

44.00 (35.00, 54.00)

Z = 8.324

 < 0.001

SOFA, score, M (Q₁, Q₃)

3.00 (2.00, 6.00)

3.00 (2.00, 5.00)

6.00 (4.00, 9.00)

Z = 12.395

 < 0.001

qSOFA, score, M (Q₁, Q₃)

2.00 (1.00, 2.00)

2.00 (1.00, 2.00)

2.00 (1.00, 2.00)

Z = 1.969

0.049

GCS, score, Mean ± SD

12.53 ± 3.34

12.54 ± 3.26

12.42 ± 3.80

t = 0.41

0.679

CCI, M (Q₁, Q₃)

6.00 (5.00, 8.00)

6.00 (5.00, 8.00)

7.00 (5.00, 9.00)

Z = 4.064

 < 0.001

INR, ratio, M (Q₁, Q₃)

1.22 (1.10, 1.40)

1.20 (1.10, 1.30)

1.40 (1.20, 1.80)

Z = 8.418

 < 0.001

Diabetes, n (%)

χ² = 8.335

0.004

 No

448 (32.99)

405 (34.44)

43 (23.63)

 Yes

910 (67.01)

771 (65.56)

139 (76.37)

Congestive heart failure, n (%)

χ² = 0.934

0.334

 No

959 (70.62)

836 (71.09)

123 (67.58)

 Yes

399 (29.38)

340 (28.91)

59 (32.42)

Atrial fibrillation, n (%)

χ² = 6.051

0.014

 No

1004 (73.93)

883 (75.09)

121 (66.48)

 Yes

354 (26.07)

293 (24.91)

61 (33.52)

Acute myocardial infarction, n (%)

χ² = 0.455

0.500

 No

718 (52.87)

626 (53.23)

92 (50.55)

 Yes

640 (47.13)

550 (46.77)

90 (49.45)

Hypertension, n (%)

χ² = 0.085

0.770

 No

1200 (88.37)

1038 (88.27)

162 (89.01)

 Yes

158 (11.63)

138 (11.73)

20 (10.99)

Cardiogenic shock, n (%)

χ² = 0.260

0.610

 No

455 (33.51)

391 (33.25)

64 (35.16)

 Yes

903 (66.49)

785 (66.75)

118 (64.84)

Acute kidney injury, n (%)

-

1.000

 No

1333 (98.16)

1154 (98.13)

179 (98.35)

 Yes

25 (1.84)

22 (1.87)

3 (1.65)

Myocardial infarct, n (%)

χ² = 0.616

0.432

No

1129 (83.14)

974 (82.82)

155 (85.16)

Yes

229 (16.86)

202 (17.18)

27 (14.84)

WBC, K/uL, M (Q₁, Q₃)

11.10 (8.30, 14.20)

11.20 (8.60, 14.10)

9.80 (6.40, 14.70)

Z = -2.871

0.004

Platelet, K/uL, M (Q₁, Q₃)

215.00 (163.00, 278.00)

232.00 (186.00, 288.00)

101.00 (66.00, 121.00)

Z = -21.420

 < 0.001

Hemoglobin, g/dL, Mean ± SD

11.54 ± 2.12

11.79 ± 2.02

9.92 ± 2.08

t = 11.63

 < 0.001

RDW, %, Mean ± SD

14.53 ± 1.80

14.31 ± 1.58

16.02 ± 2.36

t = -9.45

 < 0.001

Creatinine, mg/dL, M (Q₁, Q₃)

0.90 (0.70, 1.20)

0.90 (0.70, 1.20)

1.00 (0.70, 1.50)

Z = 3.229

0.001

PT, seconds, M (Q₁, Q₃)

13.72 (13.10, 15.20)

13.69 (13.00, 14.70)

15.25 (13.70, 17.90)

Z = 8.456

 < 0.001

BUN, mg/dL, M (Q₁, Q₃)

18.00 (13.00, 26.00)

17.00 (13.00, 25.00)

23.00 (14.00, 35.00)

Z = 5.204

 < 0.001

Glucose, mg/dL, M (Q₁, Q₃)

131.00 (108.00, 165.00)

131.00 (108.00, 164.00)

139.50 (113.00, 178.00)

Z = 1.947

0.052

Sodium, mEq/L, Mean ± SD

139.14 ± 4.37

139.16 ± 4.31

139.01 ± 4.75

t = 0.45

0.655

Potassium, mEq/L, Mean ± SD

4.04 ± 0.71

4.03 ± 0.71

4.10 ± 0.76

t = -1.09

0.275

Chloride, mEq/L, Mean ± SD

105.64 ± 5.37

105.41 ± 5.13

107.14 ± 6.54

t = -3.43

 < 0.001

LOS, days, M (Q₁, Q₃)

3.61 (1.96, 7.86)

3.23 (1.90, 7.06)

6.17 (2.99, 11.37)

Z = 6.462

 < 0.001

Outcome, n (%)

χ² = 18.819

 < 0.001

 Death

1038 (76.44)

922 (78.40)

116 (63.74)

 Survival

320 (23.56)

254 (21.60)

66 (36.26)

30-day stay, days, M (Q₁, Q₃)

30.00 (22.05, 30.00)

30.00 (24.62, 30.00)

30.00 (10.14, 30.00)

Z = -3.237

0.001

30-day outcome, n (%)

χ² = 12.372

 < 0.001

 Death

983 (72.39)

871 (74.06)

112 (61.54)

 Survival

375 (27.61)

305 (25.94)

70 (38.46)

1-year stay, days, M (Q₁, Q₃)

365.00 (22.05, 365.00)

365.00 (24.62, 365.00)

116.08 (10.14, 365.00)

Z = -5.158

 < 0.001

1-year outcome, n (%)

χ² = 35.746

 < 0.001

 Death

798 (58.76)

728 (61.90)

70 (38.46)

 Survival

560 (41.24)

448 (38.10)

112 (61.54)