Fig. 8

This schematic depicts the intricate process of leukocyte infiltration into the brain from the systemic bloodstream. Initially, the leukocytes engage with Vascular Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1), facilitating trans-endothelial diapedesis, a crucial event in the breaching of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). This breach contributes significantly to epilepsy-associated neuroinflammation. This process leads to the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, instigating a feed-forward cascade that further stimulates microglial cells. This exacerbated neuroinflammatory response augments epileptogenicity in patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE), implying a complex interplay between the immune response and the neurological disorder. Created with BioRender.com