Table 5 Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA®) involving the DEGs with significant activation of biological pathways when comparing low to high seizure frequency groups

Upregulated in Low compared to High seizure frequency TLE

Neuroinflammation Signaling Pathway

CASP1, CD86, CHP1, CX3CR1, FZD1, HMOX1, IFNGR1, MYD88, NCF2, SOD2, TLR1, TNFRSF1A

8.32 × 10^–7

Fcγ Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis in Macrophages

FCGR2A, FCGR3A/FCGR3B, HMOX1, LYN,

2.0 × 10^–6

and Monocytes

PRKCD, PTEN, RAC2

Production of Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species in

CAT, IFINGR1, LYZ, NCF2,

4.9 × 10^–6

Macrophages

PRKCD, RAC2, RHOB,

SIRPA, TNFRSF1A

Phospholipase C Signaling

ARHGEF11, CHP1, FCGR2A, GNB5, HMOX1,

5.6 × 10^–5

LYN, PRKCD, RAC2, RHOB

Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors in Recognition of

C3AR1, C5AR1, CASP1,

7.9 × 10^–5

Bacteria and Viruses

MYD88, NLRC4, PRKCD,

TLR1

Upregulated in High compared to Low seizure frequency TLE

    Pyrimidine Deoxyribonucleotides De Novo Biosynthesis I^a

AK1, TYMS

    AMPK Signaling^a

AK1, GNB5, PPM1K

    Thrombin Signaling^a

F2R, GNB5