Abnormal alterations of regional spontaneous neuronal activity and functional connectivity in insomnia patients with difficulty falling asleep: a resting-state fMRI study

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of ID patients and HCs

Characteristic	ID patients (n = 52)	HC (n = 30)	t value	p value
Age (year) ^a	36.81 ± 9.60	35.23 ± 7.46	0.81	0.40
Sex ^b				0.61
Male	17	7
Female	35	23
Education level ^b				0.81
Above Bachelor’s degree	34	19
Below Bachelor’s degree	18	11
PSQI ^a	12.19 ± 2.30	1.00 ± 0.87	31.19	< 0.01^*
SL (PSQI, min)	80.43 ± 38.04	14.30 ± 6.33	11.55	< 0.01^*
HAMA ^a	10.79 ± 2.42	1.23 ± 1.00	24.68	< 0.01^*
HAS ^a	43.60 ± 7.61	7.47 ± 3.80	28.93	< 0.01^*
SL (actigraphy, min)	73.03 ± 39.16	-	-	-

Notes: Except for sex and education level, data for other characteristics are described as mean ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; HAMA, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAS, Hyperarousal Scale; SL, sleep latency
^*Significant difference between two groups
^aTwo-sample t test
^bChi-squared test

ISSN: 1471-2377