Association of time spent outdoors with the risk of Parkinson’s disease: a prospective cohort study of 329,359 participants

Table 2 Association between time spent outdoors and Parkinson’s disease incidence (n = 329,359)

Time spent in outdoor light	Number of incident PD/Number of participants	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
Time spent in outdoor light	Number of incident PD/Number of participants	HR (95%CI)	P Value	HR (95%CI)	P Value	HR (95%CI)	P Value
Average
≤ 1.5 h/day	566/104,973	Ref		Ref		Ref
1.6–2.5 h/day	590/87,036	0.97(0.86,1.09)	0.604	0.97(0.86,1.09)	0.601	1.00(0.89,1.12)	0.927
2.6–3.5 h/day	451/61,187	0.86(0.76,0.97)	0.017	0.86(0.76,0.97)	0.016	0.89(0.78,1.01)	0.073
> 3.5 h/day	631/76,163	0.82(0.73,0.92)	< 0.001	0.81(0.72,0.92)	< 0.001	0.85(0.75,0.96)	0.010
Summer
≤ 2.0 h/day	680/120,904	Ref		Ref		Ref
2.1-3.0 h/day	374/57,508	0.92(0.81,1.04)	0.191	0.92(0.81,1.04)	0.194	0.94(0.83,1.07)	0.378
3.1-5.0 h/day	674/89,290	0.87(0.78,0.97)	0.013	0.87(0.78,0.97)	0.013	0.90(0.81,1.01)	0.067
> 5.0 h/day	510/61,657	0.80(0.71,0.90)	< 0.001	0.80(0.71,0.90)	< 0.001	0.84(0.74,0.95)	0.004
Winter
≤ 1.0 h/day	1072/177,496	Ref		Ref		Ref
1.1-2.0 h/day	597/80,757	0.91(0.82,1.01)	0.069	0.91(0.82,1.01)	0.066	0.93(0.84,1.03)	0.165
> 2.0 h/day	569/71,106	0.83(0.75,0.92)	< 0.001	0.83(0.74,0.92)	< 0.001	0.85(0.76,0.94)	0.002

Model 1 adjusted for age and sex;
Model 2 further adjusted education, use of sun/UV protection, and PM_2.5 in addition to the variables adjusted in Model 1;
Model 3 further adjusted vitamin D supplements, fish oil supplements, smoking, drinking, TDI, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, total physical activity, and skin color in addition to the variables adjusted in Model 2
Bold indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05)
Abbreviation: UV, Ultraviolet radiation; TDI, Townsend Deprivation Index; BMI, Body mass index

ISSN: 1471-2377