Table 1 Studies of Parkinson’s disease and exercise with implications for sleep parameters
From: Effect of exercise on sleep quality in Parkinson’s disease: a mini review
Author | Sample Size | Participant Age Range | Study Type | Disease Stage | Exercise Modality | Sleep Implication |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moon et al., 2020 [45] | 17 (8 experimental group) | 40–80 years of age | -Randomized Controlled Study - Double blind | Hoehn & Yahr stages 1–3 | 12-week Qigong exercise program performed twice per day at home (15–20 min) and once per week in a group session (45 min- 1 h) | Both sham and Qigong exercise improved sleep quality, and Actigraph variables (such as sleep efficiency) correlated with PD symptoms at night |
Amara et al., 2020 [44] | 55 (n = 27 experimental group) | ≥ 45 years old | Randomized Controlled Study | Hoehn & Yahr stages 2–3 | 16-week resistance training and body-weight interval training at high intensity at 3 times per week | Improved sleep efficiency, total sleep time, wake after sleep onset, and slow-wave sleep; chronic exercise shows greater changes compared to acute. |
Coe et al., 2018 [49] | 65 (n = 29 experimental group) | Mean Age 67 years | Randomized Controlled Study -Single blind (assessors) | -- | 30 min of aerobic training followed by 30 min of resistance training | No impact on self-reported sleep, but increase in light activities overnight |
Yang et al., 2017 [46] | 36 (n = 19 in group training and 17 in individual training) | 50–75 years old | Randomized Controlled Study -single blind (assessors) | Hoehn and Yahr stages 1–3 | Tai Chi training 3 times a week for 13 weeks and daily home exercises | Both groups improved sleep quality (assessed by PDSS) |
Silva-Batista et al., 2017 [22] | 22 (11 in experimental group) | 64–75 years old | Randomized Controlled Study - single blind (assessors) | Hoehn and Yahr stages 2–3 | Resistance training program twice a week for 12 weeks | Resistance training resulted in improved PSQI sleep scores in patients with PD from pre-training to post-training |
Xiao & Zhuang, 2016 [47] | 100 PD (50 in experimental group) | 55–80 years old | Randomized Controlled Study - single blind (assessors) | Hoehn and Yahr stages 1–3 | Baduanjin Qiqong exercise for 6 months, completed at least once per day for at least 4 times per week | Improvements in sleep quality, and more specifically, decrease in motor symptoms at night and in disturbed sleep |
Frazzitta et al., 2015 [23] | 138 (89 in experimental group) | 61–77 years old | Retrospective study | Hoehn and Yahr stages 2–3 | Multidisciplinary intensive rehabilitation treatment: 4-week physical therapy that entailed three daily sessions, five days a week | Improvement in sleep quality as assessed by PDSS and UPDRS. Inverse correlation between levodopa and sleep scores |
Wassom et al., 2015 [48] | 7 PD | 58–75 years old | Pre-Post Interventional trial | -- | 6-week Qigong exercise performed 2 times per day at home (15–20 min) and once per week as group (45–60 min) | Improved sleep quality, specifically, improved motor symptoms at night |
Nascimento et al., 2014 [41] | 64 (n = 17 PD in exercise and n = 17 PD in control; n = 30 in AD) | 58–75 years old | Randomized Controlled Study - single blind (assessors) | Hoehn and Yahr stages 1–3 | 6-month exercise session (including resistance, aerobic and balance training), with three 1-hour sessions per week | Improved mini sleep questionnaire score in exercising group |