Pinto JM, Wroblewski KE, Kern DW, Schumm LP, McClintock MK. Olfactory dysfunction predicts 5-year mortality in older adults. PLoS One. 2014;9(10), e107541.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Masurkar AV, Devanand DP. Olfactory dysfunction in the elderly: basic circuitry and alterations with normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. Curr Geriatr Rep. 2014;3(2):91–100.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nordin S. Olfactory impairment in normal ageing and Alzheimers´s disease. In: Zucco GM, Herz R, Schaal B, editors. Olfactory cognition: from perception and memory to environmental odours and neuroscience. 1st ed. Amsterdam: Benjamins Publishing Company; 2012. p. 199–217.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Drummond M, Douglas J, Olver J. 'If I haven't got any smell … I'm out of work': consequences of olfactory impairment following traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2013;27(3):332–45.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Croy I, Nordin S, Hummel T. Olfactory disorders and quality of life--an updated review. Chem Senses. 2014;39(3):185–94.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nordin S, Bramerson A. Complaints of olfactory disorders: epidemiology, assessment and clinical implications. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;8(1):10–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Murphy C, Schubert CR, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BE, Klein R, Nondahl DM. Prevalence of olfactory impairment in older adults. JAMA. 2002;288(18):2307–12.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Karpa MJ, Gopinath B, Rochtchina E, Jie Jin W, Cumming RG, Sue CM, et al. Prevalence and neurodegenerative or other associations with olfactory impairment in an older community. J Aging Health. 2010;22(2):154–68.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schubert CR, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BE, Klein R, Nondahl DM. Olfactory impairment in older adults: five-year incidence and risk factors. Laryngoscope. 2011;121(4):873–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Landis BN, Konnerth CG, Hummel T. A study on the frequency of olfactory dysfunction. Laryngoscope. 2004;114(10):1764–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rousseaux M, Muller P, Gahide I, Mottin Y, Romon M. Disorders of smell, taste, and food intake in a patient with a dorsomedial thalamic infarct. Stroke. 1996;27(12):2328–30.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moo L, Wityk RJ. Olfactory and taste dysfunction after bilateral middle cerebral artery stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 1999;8(5):353–4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shelley WB, Shelley ED. The smell of burnt toast: a case report. Cutis. 2000;65(4):225–6.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mak YE, Simmons KB, Gitelman DR, Small DM. Taste and olfactory intensity perception changes following left insular stroke. Behav Neurosci. 2005;119(6):1693–700.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Green TL, McGregor LD, King KM. Smell and taste dysfunction following minor stroke: a case report. Can J Neurosci Nurs. 2008;30(2):10–3.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Asai H, Udaka F, Hirano M, Ueno S. Odor abnormalities caused by bilateral thalamic infarction. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2008;110(5):500–1.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cecchini MP, Bojanowski V, Bodechtel U, Hummel T, Hahner A. Olfactory function in patients with ischemic stroke: a pilot study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;269(4):1149–53.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Doty RL, Shaman P, Dann M. Development of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a standardized microencapsulated test of olfactory function. Physiol Behav. 1984;32(3):489–502.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kobal G, Hummel T, Sekinger B, Barz S, Roscher S, Wolf S. "Sniffin' sticks": screening of olfactory performance. Rhinology. 1996;34(4):222–6.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Saito S, Ayabe-Kanamura S, Takashima Y, Gotow N, Naito N, Nozawa T, et al. Development of a smell identification test using a novel stick-type odor presentation kit. Chem Senses. 2006;31(4):379–91.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hummel T, Hummel C, Welge-Luessen A. Assessment of Olfaction and Gustation. In: Welge-Luessen A, Hummel T, editors. Management of smell and taste disorders: a practical guide for clinicians. 1st ed. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2013. p. 58–75.
Google Scholar
Adams Jr HP, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke. 1993;24(1):35–41.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wehling E, Lundervold AJ, Nordin S. Does it Matter How We Pose the Question "How is Your Sense of Smell?". Chemosens Percept. 2014;7(3–4):103–7.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cain WS. Testing olfaction in a clinical setting. Ear Nose Throat J. 1989;68(4):316, 322–8.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, Burn J, Warlow C. Classification and natural history of clinically identifiable subtypes of cerebral infarction. Lancet. 1991;337(8756):1521–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bramerson A, Johansson L, Ek L, Nordin S, Bende M. Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction: the skovde population-based study. Laryngoscope. 2004;114(4):733–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nordin S, Bramerson A, Liden E, Bende M. The Scandinavian Odor-Identification Test: development, reliability, validity and normative data. Acta Otolaryngol. 1998;118(2):226–34.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wehling E, Lundervold AJ, Espeset T, Reinvang I, Bramerson A, Nordin S. Even cognitively well-functioning adults are unaware of their olfactory dysfunction: Implications for ENT clinicians and researchers. Rhinology. 2015;53(1):89–94.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cain WS, Engen T. Olfactory adaptation and scaling of odor intensity. In: Pfaffman C, editor. Olfaction and taste III. edn. New York: Rockefeller University Press; 1969. p. 127–41.
Google Scholar
Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189–98.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67(6):361–70.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cain WS, Rabin MD. Comparability of two tests of olfactory functioning. Chem Senses. 1989;14(4):479–85.
Article
Google Scholar
Kamath V, Doty RL. The influence of age on olfaction: a review. Front Psychol. 2014;5:1–20.
Google Scholar
Chaudhari TS, Verma R, Garg RK, Singh MK, Malhotra HS, Sharma PK. Clinico-radiological predictors of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) in patients with stroke: a prospective observational study. J Neurol Sci. 2014;340(1–2):150–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
O'Brien JT. Vascular cognitive impairment. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;14(9):724–33.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Barresi M, Ciurleo R, Giacoppo S, Foti Cuzzola V, Celi D, Bramanti P, et al. Evaluation of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurol Sci. 2012;323(1–2):16–24.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Djordjevic J, Jones-Gotman M, De Sousa K, Chertkow H. Olfaction in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2008;29(5):693–706.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Westervelt HJ, Bruce JM, Coon WG, Tremont G. Odor identification in mild cognitive impairment subtypes. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2008;30(2):151–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gray AJ, Staples V, Murren K, Dhariwal A, Bentham P. Olfactory identification is impaired in clinic-based patients with vascular dementia and senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;16(5):513–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Duff K, McCaffrey RJ, Solomon GS. The Pocket Smell Test: successfully discriminating probable Alzheimer's dementia from vascular dementia and major depression. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;14(2):197–201.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Larsson M. Odor memory: a memory system approach. In: Rouby C, Schaal B, Dubois D, Gervais R, Holley A, editors. Olfaction, taste, and cognition. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002. p. 231–45.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Dulay MF, Gesteland RC, Shear PK, Ritchey PN, Frank RA. Assessment of the influence of cognition and cognitive processing speed on three tests of olfaction. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2008;30(3):327–37.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Larsson M, Nilsson LG, Olofsson JK, Nordin S. Demographic and cognitive predictors of cued odor identification: evidence from a population-based study. Chem Senses. 2004;29(6):547–54.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wehling EI, Nordin S, Espeseth T, Reinvang I, Lundervold AJ. Familiarity, cued and free odor identification and their association with cognitive functioning in middle aged and older adults. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2010;17(2):205–19.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wentzel C, Rockwood K, MacKnight C, Hachinski V, Hogan DB, Feldman H, et al. Progression of impairment in patients with vascular cognitive impairment without dementia. Neurology. 2001;57(4):714–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nordin S, Monsch AU, Murphy C. Unawareness of smell loss in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease: discrepancy between self-reported and diagnosed smell sensitivity. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1995;50(4):P187–192.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hummel T, Haehner A, Hummel C, Croy I, Iannilli E. Lateralized differences in olfactory bulb volume relate to lateralized differences in olfactory function. Neuroscience. 2013;237:51–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nordin S, Tuorila H. Loss of smell and taste: epidemiology and impact on quality of life. In: Welge-Luessen A, Hummel T, editors. Management of Smell and TAste Disorders - A practical guide for clinicians. edn. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2014. p. 1–8.
Google Scholar
Paquereau J, Allart E, Romon M, Rousseaux M. The long-term nutritional status in stroke patients and its predictive factors. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23(6):1628–33.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aliani M, Udenigwe CC, Girgih AT, Pownall TL, Bugera JL, Eskin MN. Aroma and taste perceptions with Alzheimer disease and stroke. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2013;53(7):760–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar