Skip to content

Advertisement

  • Case report
  • Open Access
  • Open Peer Review

Bi-insular cortical involvement in anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis – a case report

BMC NeurologyBMC series – open, inclusive and trusted201616:130

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-016-0653-9

©  The Author(s). 2016

  • Received: 28 April 2016
  • Accepted: 29 July 2016
  • Published:
Open Peer Review reports

Abstract

Background

Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system. Brain MRI is unremarkable in at least 50 % of patients and highly variable in the remaining patients with signal abnormalities in different brain regions. Only scarce reports exist on other imaging modalities.

Case presentation

A 31-year-old woman sub-acutely developed psychosis, behavioural changes, amnesia, alternating states of agitation and mutism, fever and epileptic seizures. Clinically suspected diagnosis of anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis was confirmed by the detection of anti-NMDA receptor antibodies in CSF and serum. During the acute phase, brain MRI abnormalities were found in both insular cortices and hippocampi, whereas F18-FDG-PET showed hypermetabolism bilaterally in insular and prefrontal cortex. After resection of the underlying ovarian teratoma and with multimodal immunotherapy the patient substantially improved reaching a modified Rankin Scale score of 2 after 3 months. At follow-up, both hippocampi were still affected on MRI, whereas insular cortex appeared normal; however, both regions showed prominent glucose hypometabolism.

Conclusions

Here, we report bi-insular cortical abnormalities on MRI and F18-FDG-PET in a patient with anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis during the acute phase and after clinical improvement.

Keywords

  • NMDA receptor
  • Autoimmune encephalitis
  • Insular cortex
  • Hippocampus
  • Medial temporal lobe
  • Frontal lobe
  • MRI
  • PET
  • Case report

Background

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system first described in 2007 [1]. Patients usually present with a clinical syndrome including psychosis, behavioural changes, amnesia and epileptic seizures, frequently followed by dyskinesia and decreased levels of consciousness [2]. The disease has a female predominance and is associated with an underlying tumour, mostly ovarian teratoma, in approximately 50 % of cases [2]. Patients are treated with tumour resection if applicable and immunotherapy (corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulins and/ or plasma exchange, and in case of treatment failure cyclophosphamide and/ or rituximab) [3]. About 75 % of patients fully recover or show mild disability, the remaining patients suffer from severe disability or die. The main predictor of good outcome is the early initiation of treatment [3].

Diagnosis is obtained by the detection of anti-NMDAR antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and/ or serum [4]. Besides that, diagnostic work-up includes further examinations such as routine CSF analysis, tumour screening and brain imaging [2]. Brain MRI is unremarkable in 50–90 % of patients [2, 3, 5]; in the remaining patients abnormalities are highly variable evolving in the white and grey matter [6]. White matter lesions have been reported in the medial temporal, frontal, parietal, occipital lobe [1, 4, 5, 7, 8], cingulate gyrus [9, 10] and corpus callosum [4], whereas grey matter has been shown to be involved in cerebral cortex [1, 4, 9] and certain nuclei such as thalamus [11] or basal ganglia [4, 12]. In addition, affections of the cerebellum [4, 9, 13] and brainstem [4, 9] have been observed. MRI alterations are typically subtle despite the severity and duration of signs and symptoms [2].

Only scarce evidence exists on other imaging modalities. F18-FDG-PET can reveal pathological changes even when MRI is normal [6]. Glucose hypermetabolism has been found in frontotemporal areas [5, 8–10, 14], in the cerebellum [5, 8, 9], brainstem [9], thalamus and basal ganglia [8].

In the following, we present a case of anti-NMDAR encephalitis with bi-insular cortical abnormalities on MRI and F18-FDG-PET during the acute phase of the disease and after substantial clinical improvement.

Case presentation

A 31-year-old woman presented at the hospital’s emergency department with prominent, sub-acutely evolving psychiatric signs and symptoms including bizarre behaviour, delusional thoughts and alternating states of agitation and mutism. Besides that, she showed short-term amnesia, fever and complex epileptic seizures. Her family reported that she had already complained about insomnia and general discomfort for the past 2 weeks; otherwise there was no history of any diseases and no use of concomitant medication. The neurological examination revealed no further abnormalities, especially no meningism and no focal deficits.

Emergency brain MRI showed diffusion-restriction on diffusion-weighted images in insular cortex, and hyperintensity on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2-weighted images in insular cortex and hippocampus (Fig. 1a). F18-FDG-PET showed hypermetabolism in insular and prefrontal cortex (Fig. 2a). CSF analysis revealed a mild pleocytosis comprising mononuclear cells. Diagnosis was made by the detection of anti-NMDAR antibodies in CSF and serum. Tumour screening by whole body imaging revealed a tumour of the right ovary that was subsequently resected and histopathologically proven to be a teratoma.
Fig. 1
Fig. 1

Insular and hippocampal MRI abnormalities. a MRI during acute phase of the disease (2 weeks after onset) shows diffusion restriction on diffusion-weighted images (DWI), hyperintensity on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images bilaterally, right-accentuated in the insular cortex as well as slight hyperintensity on T2-weighted and FLAIR images in both hippocampi. b After 3 months with substantial clinical improvement bi-insular diffusion restriction and FLAIR abnormalities have disappeared; hippocampal T2/ FLAIR hyperintensities are still visible

Fig. 2
Fig. 2

Evolution of glucose metabolism over time. a F18-FDG-PET during acute phase of disease (2 weeks after onset) shows bi-insular and bi-frontal glucose hypermetabolism as well as glucose hypometabolism occipital and partially in the parietal lobe. b After 3 months there is a marked bi-insular and bi-hippocampal hypometabolism, whereas prefrontal, occipital and parietal glucose-uptake is normal. F18-FDG-PET scans have been co-registered with MRI in order to correlate metabolic pathologies with anatomical structures

After tumour resection and multimodal immunotherapy (plasmapheresis for 4 days followed by intravenously applied corticosteroids over 5 days at a total dose of 4 g) the patient improved substantially. In serum samples, anti-NMDAR antibody titres decreased from 1:160 to 1:20 [15]. After 3 months the patient still had slight disability, was able to look after her own affairs without assistance, but was unable to carry out all previous activities, mainly due to memory deficits (corresponding to a modified Rankin Scale score of 2). At this point of time insular abnormalities on diffusion- and T2/ FLAIR-weighted MRI had disappeared, whereas hippocampal FLAIR/ T2-hyperintensity remained (Fig. 1b). In both areas prominent glucose hypometabolism was observed; glucose-metabolism in prefontal cortex was normal (Fig. 2b).

Conclusions

Here, we report bi-insular cortical involvement in anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis [6] as shown by structural and metabolic abnormalities. The striking correlation between initial MRI findings (T2/ FLAIR hyperintensity and diffusion-restriction, respectively) and initial F18-FDG-PET hypermetabolism that was followed by a prominent hypometabolism suggests that structural disruption and not only functional changes in brain metabolism results in medium-term brain dysfunction [16].

There are some considerations with regard to different, longitudinally performed imaging modalities in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. In general, imaging abnormalities reflect a present disruption within brain areas, which might improve [16] or even disappear with clinical improvement, as this was the case in our patient. However, it has to be highlighted that a significant proportion of patients shows normal routine MRI during the acute phase of the disease and that structural changes might only be detected by more sophisticated MRI methods such as volumetry, analysis of microstructural integrity or resting state functional connectivity [17, 18]. Timing of imaging is another crucial issue. Whereas MRI abnormalities might resolve over time, hypermetabolic areas on F18-FDG-PET during the acute phase of the disease typically turn into hypometabolic state during the early recovery phase. During this time, patients have already clinically improved but are still disabled, as this was also the case in our patient. After a longer follow-up glucose hypometabolism might be alleviated and accompanied by further clinical improvement [19].

In conclusion, this case confirms that there exists a serial changing brain pattern on MRI and F18-FDG-PET and depicts involvement of insular cortex in patients with anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis.

Abbreviations

CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; F18-FDG-PET, 18-Fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NMDAR, N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor

Declarations

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

There was no funding of the study.

Availability of data and materials

All relevant data supporting the conclusions of this case report are displayed within this manuscript. Complete MRI and PET scans can be provided by the corresponding author upon request.

Authors’ contributions

HH as the principal author is responsible for study concept, interpretation of the data and drafting the manuscript. CU qualifies as author based on his contribution towards drafting the manuscript and interpretation of the data. AG qualifies as author based on her contribution to draft the manuscript. IV, RB, RH and BP qualify as authors due to their contribution to revise the manuscript for intellectual content. MR qualifies as author based on her contribution to the acquisition and analysis of data. ES qualifies as author based on his contribution towards interpretation of the data and revising the manuscript for intellectual content. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Consent for publication

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the corresponding author.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethics approval was not obtained, as not necessary for reports on routinely treated patients, based on Austria’s legislation.

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
(2)
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
(3)
Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
(4)
Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

References

  1. Dalmau J, Tuzun E, Wu HY, Masjuan J, Rossi JE, Voloschin A, Baehring JM, Shimazaki H, Koide R, King D, et al. Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma. Ann Neurol. 2007;61(1):25–36.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  2. Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, Rosenfeld MR, Balice-Gordon R. Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. The Lancet Neurology. 2011;10(1):63–74.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  3. Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, Armangue T, Glaser C, Iizuka T, Honig LS, Benseler SM, Kawachi I, Martinez-Hernandez E, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. The Lancet Neurology. 2013;12(2):157–65.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  4. Dalmau J, Gleichman AJ, Hughes EG, Rossi JE, Peng X, Lai M, Dessain SK, Rosenfeld MR, Balice-Gordon R, Lynch DR. Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies. The Lancet Neurology. 2008;7(12):1091–8.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  5. Irani SR, Bera K, Waters P, Zuliani L, Maxwell S, Zandi MS, Friese MA, Galea I, Kullmann DM, Beeson D, et al. N-methyl-D-aspartate antibody encephalitis: temporal progression of clinical and paraclinical observations in a predominantly non-paraneoplastic disorder of both sexes. Brain : a journal of neurology. 2010;133(Pt 6):1655–67.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  6. Heine J, Pruss H, Bartsch T, Ploner CJ, Paul F, Finke C. Imaging of autoimmune encephalitis - relevance for clinical practice and Hippocampal function. Neuroscience. 2015.Google Scholar
  7. Ances BM, Vitaliani R, Taylor RA, Liebeskind DS, Voloschin A, Houghton DJ, Galetta SL, Dichter M, Alavi A, Rosenfeld MR, et al. Treatment-responsive limbic encephalitis identified by neuropil antibodies: MRI and PET correlates. Brain : a journal of neurology. 2005;128(Pt 8):1764–77.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  8. Baumgartner A, Rauer S, Mader I, Meyer PT. Cerebral FDG-PET and MRI findings in autoimmune limbic encephalitis: correlation with autoantibody types. J Neurol. 2013;260(11):2744–53.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Vitaliani R, Mason W, Ances B, Zwerdling T, Jiang Z, Dalmau J. Paraneoplastic encephalitis, psychiatric symptoms, and hypoventilation in ovarian teratoma. Ann Neurol. 2005;58(4):594–604.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  10. Wegner F, Wilke F, Raab P, Tayeb SB, Boeck AL, Haense C, Trebst C, Voss E, Schrader C, Logemann F, et al. Anti-leucine rich glioma inactivated 1 protein and anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis show distinct patterns of brain glucose metabolism in 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography. BMC Neurol. 2014;14:136.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  11. Tojo K, Nitta K, Ishii W, Sekijima Y, Morita H, Takahashi Y, Tanaka K, Ikeda S. A young Man with anti-NMDAR encephalitis following Guillain-barre syndrome. Case reports in neurology. 2011;3(1):7–13.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  12. Tobin WO, Strand EA, Clark HM, Lowe VJ, Robertson CE, Pittock SJ. NMDA receptor encephalitis causing reversible caudate changes on MRI and PET imaging. Neurology Clinical practice. 2014;4(6):470–3.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  13. Koide R, Shimizu T, Koike K, Dalmau J. EFA6A-like antibodies in paraneoplastic encephalitis associated with immature ovarian teratoma: a case report. J Neuro-Oncol. 2007;81(1):71–4.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  14. Leypoldt F, Buchert R, Kleiter I, Marienhagen J, Gelderblom M, Magnus T, Dalmau J, Gerloff C, Lewerenz J. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: distinct pattern of disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(7):681–6.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  15. Ramberger M, Peschl P, Schanda K, Irschick R, Hoftberger R, Deisenhammer F, Rostasy K, Berger T, Dalmau J, Reindl M. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of microscopy and flow cytometry in evaluating N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in serum using a live cell-based assay. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0122037.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  16. Iizuka T, Yoshii S, Kan S, Hamada J, Dalmau J, Sakai F, Mochizuki H. Reversible brain atrophy in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a long-term observational study. J Neurol. 2010;257(10):1686–91.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  17. Finke C, Kopp UA, Pajkert A, Behrens JR, Leypoldt F, Wuerfel JT, Ploner CJ, Pruss H, Paul F. Structural Hippocampal damage following anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;79(9):727–34.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Finke C, Kopp UA, Scheel M, Pech LM, Soemmer C, Schlichting J, Leypoldt F, Brandt AU, Wuerfel J, Probst C, et al. Functional and structural brain changes in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2013;74(2):284–96.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Yuan J, Guan H, Zhou X, Niu N, Li F, Cui L, Cui R. Changing brain metabolism patterns in patients with ANMDARE: serial 18 F-FDG PET/CT findings. Clin Nucl Med. 2016;41(5):366–70.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright

© The Author(s). 2016

Advertisement

BMC Neurology

ISSN: 1471-2377

Contact us