The term ONM was first coined in 1970 by Ricker and Mertens [1]. This condition is a rare and unique clinical entity characterized by involuntary episodic diplopia with a duration of seconds to minutes, usually provoked by prolonged eccentric gaze of the affected EOM [1,2,3,4,5,6]. This condition may involve any EOMs or cranial nerves.
ONM is frequently associated with prior radiation to the skull base [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. However, other causes have also been reported, including thyroid eye disease and carotid artery aneurysm; idiopathic cases have also been described [4, 13,14,15,16,17,18]. The latency between prior radiation and the onset of diplopia ranges from 2 months to 18 years [19]. The precise pathophysiology is not clearly established. ONM is thought to be caused by segmental cranial nerve demyelination due to radiologic injury or other conditions that compromise the course of neural excitation. Ephaptic neural transmission, which is the transmission of nerve impulses along lateral contact between defective myelinized nerve fibers instead of transmission across a synapse, could explain the intensified prolonged tonic muscle contraction with deficient relaxation of the EOM innervated by the affected nerve [3, 5, 8, 12, 13, 15]. This mechanism is also associated with superior oblique myokymia and facial nerve overactivity [3]. Alternative explanations are axonal hyperexcitability from calcium channel dysfunction or central neural disorganization [3, 20]. Electromyography (EMG) of affected extraocular muscles in quiescent phase may show discharge patterns compatible with neurogenic rather than myogenic disorder [1, 2]. During contracture phase, EMG discloses spontaneous continuous muscle unit activity, with brief bursts of motor unit potentials, firing at high frequency [21]. However, EMG was not performed in our patient given the diagnosis of ONM can be made based on clinical grounds.
Bilateral oculomotor ONM is extremely rare. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second case of bilateral oculomotor ONM ever reported. In 1996, Morrow et al. [12] reported the first case of bilateral oculomotor ONM in a 45-year-old woman who was treated for a pituitary adenoma. Her disease was controlled with surgical resection and radiotherapy to the parasellar region (total dose of 5000 cGy). She developed episodic diplopia involving the bilateral oculomotor nerves innervating the EOMs and levator palpebrae muscles, which resulted in eyelid retraction and EOM limitation of both abduction and vertical movement in the affected eye during the spell [12]. Our patient also had a history of skull base radiation. Although, the latency from the most recent irradiation to the onset of ONM was considerably late, 13 years, the latency have been reported up to 18 years [19]. She developed episodic sustained contraction and delayed relaxation of both medial rectus muscles following prolonged action of the affected EOM, which resulted in a 2-min episode of esotropia while returning both eyes to the primary position. The differential diagnoses of acquired episodic diplopia include convergence spasm, ocular myasthenia gravis, superior oblique myokymia, ocular neuromyotonia, and decompensating heterotropia. In patients with unexplained episodic diplopia, cautious examination should be performed to determine whether pathognomonic clinical characteristics of ONM are present. In our case, the presence of normal pupillary behavior and non-variable esodeviation were not consistent with convergence spasm. Ocular myasthenia gravis was considered less likely given the contraction rather than weakness of the affected EOM while returning both eyes to the primary position following prolonged action of the involved EOM. Myasthenic eyelid signs were also absent. Furthermore, oscillopsia, vertical deviation, and torsional component of superior oblique myokymia were also ruled out in our case. Finally, normal ocular alignment measured by alternate cover test both at distance and near made decompensating heterotropia less likely. According to the proposed pathophysiology, a neural membrane stabilizer such as carbamazepine is often an effective treatment for ONM. Although, some patients can control their attacks by sustaining gaze opposite to the direction that causes symptoms [22]. Our patient was successfully treated with carbamazepine at 200 mg daily.
In summary, bilateral oculomotor ONM is an extremely rare but distinctive condition that can be recognized clinically. In patients with unexplained episodic diplopia, careful examination with prolonged eccentric gaze should be performed to achieve a correct diagnosis and avoid a largely unnecessary workup.
