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Efficacy and safety of endovascular thrombectomy in mild ischemic stroke: results from a retrospective study and meta-analysis of previous trials

BMC Neurology volume 19, Article number: 150 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Mechanical thrombectomy has been proven as a standard care for moderate to severe ischemic stroke with anterior large vessel occlusion (LVO); however, whether it is equally effective in mild ischemic stroke (MIS) is controversial.

Methods

In this retrospective study, a total of 177 Chinese patients presenting with MIS (NIHSS ≤8) and LVO between January 2014 and September 2017 from seven comprehensive stroke centers were identified. Odds of good outcome with endovascular thrombectomy versus medical treatment were obtained by logistic regression analysis and propensity-score matching method, and a meta-analysis pooled results from six studies (n = 733).

Results

Good outcome (mRS: 0–1) was 58.2% (46/79) in the thrombectomy and 46.9% (46/98) in the medical group, which showed no statistical significance before adjustment (P = 0.13; OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 0.86 to 2.86). The adjusted ORs of thrombectomy versus medical group were 3.23 (95% CI, 1.35 to 7.73; P = 0.008) by multivariable logistic analysis, 2.78 (1.12 to 6.89; P = 0.02) by propensity score matching analysis, and 3.20 (1.22 to 8.37; P = 0.01) by propensity score matching analysis with additional adjustments, respectively. Thrombectomy treatment did not result in excessive mortality or symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after adjustments. The meta-analysis did not confirm the associations between good outcome and endovascular treatment.

Conclusions

The current study indicates that endovascular thrombectomy is associated with good functional outcome in MIS patients with LVO, and without additional risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and mortality. Although the meta-analysis failed to demonstrate its superiority compared to medical treatment, randomized clinical trials are needed.

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Background

Since the publication of six randomized control trials, mechanical endovascular thrombectomy (MET) has become a standard therapy for patients with moderate to severe ischemic stroke and large vessel occlusion (LVO) in the proximal anterior circulation [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Mild ischemic stroke (MIS) accounts for > 15% of acute ischemic stroke, and patients with LVO also have a risk of severe deterioration if there is no reperfusion [7,8,9]. Endovascular therapy was reported to rapidly and effectively recanalize the occluded vessel, but also increased the risk of intracranial hemorrhage associated with no improvement of clinical functional outcome [10, 11]. Conversely, endovascular treatment was reported to improve the clinical symptoms of patients with MIS during hospitalization, and also improve long-term prognosis [12]. Therefore, the efficacy and safety of MET for MIS remains controversial.

In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the data of MIS patients treated with MET or medical therapy from our center, and combined the previously published data through a meta-analysis to obtain more reliable conclusions.

Methods

Patient selection

We conducted a retrospective study involving patients with acute ischemic stroke who were consecutively admitted to 7 comprehensive stroke centers from China (Jinling Hospital, Yijishan Hospital, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Daping Hospital, Hubei Zhongshan Hospital, and No.123 Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army) between January 2014 and August 2017, and all these patients initially presented with mild neurological deficit during 24 h, which defined as NIHSS ≤8 (because the cut-off of 8 always recognized as probably having LVO), and was diagnosed as having LVO, including ICA, M1 or M2 segment of MCA, and ACA on CTA or MRA. The specific exclusion criteria were: (i) admission age < 18 years, (ii) patients who had a prior modified Rankin Score (mRS) ≥2, and (iii) arteriovenous malformation and arterial aneurysm determined by CTA/MRA.

All eligible subjects were divided into the MET group or the medical group, according to whether MET was performed. The MET group included the initial MET and rescue MET [13]. The local Ethics Committees of each center approved the use of patients’ data for this study, and written consents of the patients were waived due to its retrospective nature.

Data collection

We retrieved demographic, clinical, and neuroimaging data from all eligible subjects, including age, sex, stroke risk factors (atrial fibrillation, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes and smoking), admission systolic blood pressure, admission NIHSS scores, time of onset to imaging, use of intravenous thrombolysis, and the ASPECT score and collateral circulation assessment based on admission imaging data. Good collateral circulation indicated rapid or complete collateral collateral flow into the ischemic area. Stroke etiology was defined according to the Trial of Org 10,172 in Acute Stroke Treatment classification, and was grouped into large atherosclerosis, cardioembolism, and others/undetermined [14]. Stroke occlusion location was divided into ICA, MCA (M1 or M2 segments), and tandem occlusion corresponding to the artery occlusion occurring in more than two different parts of a continuous vessel.

All radiological data and clinical medical records of the subjects were sent to the core laboratory in our hospital, and were reviewed in a blinded fashion by two neurologists (Y-T Guo and S Zhang) with advice of a third experienced neurologist (W-J Zi) in cases of disagreement.

Clinical outcomes

The patients’ functional outcomes at 3 months were measured by the mRS, ranging from 0 to 6 (higher scores indicate more severe disability), which was collected by telephone follow-up or outpatient visit in each center by staff with a structured interview [15]. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) was considered as any hemorrhage combined with an increase of ≥4 points in total NIHSS score, or ≥ 2 points in one NIHSS category, according to the Heidelberg classification scheme [16]. The primary outcome of this study was good outcome defined as an mRS 0–1, while secondary outcomes included favorable outcome as mRS 0–2, mortality at 3 months and sICH at 48 h.

Meta-analysis

A pooled analysis of studies comparing endovascular with medical treatment, either with or without intravenous tissue plasminogen activator, in patients with mild stroke and LVO was conducted. We retrieved the relevant studies from four electronic databases including Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from database inception to May 2018, and used the appropriate free text and Mesh terms to identify them: “mild stroke”, “minor stroke”, “minimal stroke”, “NIHSS≤8”, and “recanalization”, “endovascular”, “thrombectomy”, “stent-retriever”, “thrombolysis”, and “reperfusion”. Additional records were identified through reference lists of eligible studies.

All the retrieved studies were screened by two independent reviewers (X-J Shang and C-F He) according to the following criteria: (i) MIS patients with LVO (ICA, MCA M1 and M2, ACA, posterior circulation), defined as baseline NIHSS ≤8 at onset, (ii) all studies selected included endovascular or thrombectomy treatment, and case reports, abstracts, editorials and expert opinions were excluded, and (iii) all studies selected should be human trials and in English, and if more than one trials came from the same center with the same dataset, only the most complete dataset published was used for final analysis. The third reviewer (W-J Zi) assessed the quality of observational trials and cohort studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale, and coordinated and resolved the discrepancies between reviewers.

Statistical analysis

Qualitative variables were shown as number and percentage, and for quantitative variables, normally distributed data were presented as mean and standard deviation, while non-normally distributed data were presented as median and interquartile range. The difference in baseline characteristics between MET group and medical group was assessed using calculating the absolute standardized difference (ASD), and ASD > 0.10 was recognized as significant difference.

We adopted the following strategies to compare clinical outcomes between the two groups: (i) Multivariable logistic regression was performed using variables with ASD > 0.10 on comparisons of baseline characteristics between the two groups; (ii) Propensity score (PS) matching method was used to reduce the effects of potential confounding factors on between-group comparisons, and calculated the odds ratio (OR) for the MET versus medical therapy as the treatment effect size. (iii) If the baseline differences still existed after the PS matching, we included variable factors with ASD > 0.10 into the logistic regression equation to further calculate the treatment effect size.

In the meta-analysis, the possible clinical or methodological variation had been taken into account, so we adopted a randomized model. We used χ2 tests to assess heterogeneity between trials and I2 statistic to estimate the percentage of total variation across studies, with values beyond 50% regarded as substantial heterogeneity.

Significance was set at P < 0.05 using two-sided tests. All statistical analyses were performed with Statistical Software (IBM SPSS Statistics 22; IBM-Armonk, New York, USA), and Review Manager Version 5.3.4 (Cochrane Collaboration, Software Update, Oxford, United Kingdom).

Results

Baseline characteristics

A total of 79 patients treated with MET and 98 patients having medical treatment were identified in this study. The Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of two groups before and after PS-matching. Most of the variables had substantial differences (ASD > 0.10), except for the hypertension history and ASPECTS before matching. These differences were reduced after matching, with an ASD > 0.10 only for sex, atrial fibrillation, intravenous thrombolysis and stroke etiology.

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of mild stroke patients according to treatment approach before and after propensity score-matching
Full size table

Clinical outcomes

There was no difference in crude comparison of primary outcome (mRS 0–1) between MET and medical group (58.2% versus 46.9%; P = 0.13); of the secondary outcome, MET group had more substantial sICH risks (10.1% versus 2.0%; OR, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.4, [1.11, 26.24]; P = 0.02), but favorable outcome (mRS 0–2: 70.9% versus 59.2%; P = 0.10) and mortality at 3 months (5.1% versus 1.0%; P = 0.17) did not show substantial difference. However, multivariable logistic regression analyses showed a statistically significant association of MET with good outcome (OR, 95% CI: 3.23, [1.35, 7.73]; P = 0.008) and favorable outcome (OR, 95% CI: 2.59, [1.06, 6.33]; P = 0.03), and not with a higher sICH risk (OR, 95%CI: 3.05, [0.44, 21.23]; P = 0.25). After the PS matching, the effect of MET on good outcome remained significant (OR, 95%CI: 2.78, [1.12, 6.89]; P = 0.02), and additional adjustment for variables with ASD > 0.10 did not affect the statistical significance of this association (OR, 95%CI: 3.20, [1.22, 8.37]; P = 0.01). (See Table 2 and Fig. 1).

Table 2 Odds ratios for clinical outcome by mechanical thrombectomy compared to medical therapy
Full size table
Fig. 1
figure 1

mRS at 3 months follow-up of stroke patients treated by thrombectomy and medical approach

Full size image

Meta-analysis

Of the 2484 records retrieved through database screening and other resources, 5 studies (this study named ‘Shang 2018’) were included in the final analysis (see in Additional file 1: Figure S1). [8, 10, 11, 17, 18] A total of 733 cases were included in the studies, 226 of which were comprised of 113 matched pairs. The analysis was conducted according to the NIHSS cutoff 8 or 5, and to compare endovascular treatment and medical therapy irrespective of rt-PA. Two studies were included in the comparison of MET versus medical treated patients with NIHSS ≤8 and LVO. When compared to patients who did not receive endovascular recanalization, patients treated with medical therapy had the similar functional outcome and procedural complications. (see Additional file 1: Figures S2 and S3). Four studies compared the clinical outcomes of patients with NIHSS ≤5 subgroup, the meta-analysis failed to find a correlation between endovascular treatment and clinical outcomes (see Additional file 1: Figures S4 and S5). All tests for subgroup difference did not find substantial heterogeneity.

Discussion

In the present study, we found that endovascular thrombectomy was effective for improving good functional outcome, although it appeared to increase the incidence of symptomatic intracerebral bleeding, for stroke patients with mild deficits and proximal anterior LVO.

Mild stroke patients with LVO showed a worse prognosis and higher mortality compared with stroke patients without evidence of LVO. [19, 20] Thus, it was suggested that mild stroke patients presenting with proximal arterial occlusion should not be considered as MIS. [21] In a study of 204 eligible mild stroke patients with proximal LVO who did not receive any recanalization approaches, Mokin et al. reported that only 62% of patients were able to ambulate independently (mRS 0–3) at discharge. [22] By contrast, in the present study of a similar cohort of patients treated with endovascular thrombectomy, 70.9% exhibited functional independence (mRS 0–2) at 3 months, 10.1% showed sICH, and 5.1% all-cause mortality. In support, in a subset of stroke patients (NIHSS < 8) treated with MET, Dargazanli et al. reported 78.3% for 3-month favorable outcome and 5.1% for mortality. [23] Furthermore, in MET treated patients with an NIHSS ≤8, Pfaff et al. reported 63.6% for favorable outcome, 6.1% for sICH, and 9.1% for death. [24] Thus, overall these studies support that endovascular treatment for MIS and proximal LVO is favorably effective, as observed for intravenous thrombolysis. [25]

However, the proven evidence for the efficacy of thrombectomy therapy in MIS is still not available, and there is considerable heterogeneity among studies. For example, a pooled analysis from five recent randomized trials reported a negative finding in patients with an NIHSS ≤10 and LVO for thrombectomy compared with medical treatment. [26] Similarly, in a recent, larger multicenter intention-to-treat cohort study in MIS patients with an NIHSS < 8, there was no consistent improvement in good and favorable outcome. [8] As a result, further randomized controlled trials are needed to solve the uncertainty.

The main limitation of our study was the non-randomized design, and the limited number of patients may have underpowered our interpretation. Also due to the small sample size in this study, we did not further present the thrombectomy prognosis of patients with NIHSS ≤5, which was widely recognized as mild ischemic stroke, although the primary outcome was still positive.

As a highlight of this study, we focused on the meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of endovascular treatment for mild stroke, and found no substantial differences of endovascular versus medical treatment for patients with NIHSS 8 or 5 on matching or not. The specific reasons of inconsistence with our data are as follows: first of all, all studies diagnostic criteria were not completely consistent, e.g. some studies recruited cases with the posterior circulation infarction, and it is well known that these patients might progress rapidly and had poorer outcome compared with those in anterior circulation, which could have an effect on the outcomes. Also, the definition criterion of symptomatic bleeding was variable, and there were different endovascular procedures between studies, including intra-arterial thrombolysis, angioplasty and mostly thrombectomy, which might confuse the practical effects of thrombectomy. Therefore, it is recommended to obtain more detailed information of other studies and stratify the meta-analysis, which may be accessible to original nature.

Conclusions

Our data have found a statistically significant benefit of endovascular thrombectomy for MIS patients with proximal LVO in anterior circulation, but it should be confirmed by further high quality trials.

Availability of data and materials

The data is available on request to the corresponding author.

Abbreviations

ASPECTS:

Alberta stroke program early CT score

CI:

Confidence interval

CTA:

computed tomography angiography

ICA:

Intracranial carotid artery

LVO:

Large vessel occlusion

MCA:

Middle cerebral artery

MIS:

Mild ischemic stroke

MRA:

Magnetic resonance angiography

mRS:

modified Rankin Scale

NIHSS:

National institute of health stroke scale

OR:

Odds ratio

RCT:

Randomized control trials

sICH:

symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage

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Acknowledgments

We thank to all participants and engaging centers.

Funding

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China grant number (81530038, 81400993, 81671172 and 81701184), National Key Research and Development Program grant number (No.2017YFC1307901), Chinese Postdoctoral Science Fund grant number (2015 M572815).

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Author notes

  1. Xian-Jin Shang, Zhong-Hua Shi and Cai-Feng He contributed equally and are co-first authors

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Jinling Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China

    Xian-Jin Shang, Shuai Zhang, Yong-Jie Bai, Yong-Tao Guo, Bo Sun, Shun Li, Wen-Jie Zi & Xin-Feng Liu

  2. Department of Neurology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui, China

    Xian-Jin Shang & Zhi-Ming Zhou

  3. Department of Neurosurgery, The 101st Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China

    Zhong-Hua Shi

  4. Department of Dermatology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui, China

    Cai-Feng He

  5. Department of Neurology, The affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangsu, China

    Shuai Zhang

  6. Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China

    Yong-Jie Bai

  7. Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huai’an NO.1 People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, 223300, Jiangsu, China

    Yong-Tao Guo & Bo Sun

  8. Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China

    Shun Li, Wen-Jie Zi & Xin-Feng Liu

  9. Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China

    Huai-Ming Wang & Xin-Feng Liu

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Contributions

XJS, ZHS: conception and design, analysis and interpretation of data and drafting the article; CFH: design and analysis of meta-analysis, revising it critically for important intellectual content; SZ, YJB, YTG, BS, SL, HMW and ZMZ: acquisition of data, revising it critically for important intellectual content; XFL and WJZ: conception and design, analysis and interpretation of data and revising it critically for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Wen-Jie Zi or Xin-Feng Liu.

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Ethics approval and consent to participate

The local Ethics Committees of each center (Jinling Hospital, Yijishan Hospital, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Daping Hospital, Hubei Zhongshan Hospital, and No.123 Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army) approved the use of patients’ data for this study, and written consents of the patients were waived due to its retrospective nature.

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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Additional files

Additional file 1:

Figure S1. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) flow-chart of search strategy. Figure S2. Forest plot of outcomes between endovascular treatment and medical therapy in patients with NIHSS ≤8. Figure S3. Forest plot of outcomes between endovascular treatment and medical therapy in matched patients with NIHSS ≤8. Figure S4. Forest plot of outcomes between endovascular treatment and medical therapy in patients with NIHSS ≤5. Figure S5. Forest plot of outcomes between endovascular treatment and medical therapy in matched patients with NIHSS ≤5. (DOCX 2 kb)

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Shang, XJ., Shi, ZH., He, CF. et al. Efficacy and safety of endovascular thrombectomy in mild ischemic stroke: results from a retrospective study and meta-analysis of previous trials. BMC Neurol 19, 150 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-019-1372-9

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