Table 1 Outcome measures assessed before and after treatment with PBM
Outcome measure | test | description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
Primary Outcome Measure | |||
Functional mobility | Timed up-and-go (TUG) test | Assessors measured the time taken for a participant to stand from a chair, walk 3 m, turn around a marker, return and sit down | [30] |
Secondary Outcome Measures | |||
Mobility | TUG motor | As for TUG except that the participant was carrying a cup of water | [30] |
TUG cognitive | As for TUG except that the participant was asked to count backwards from 40 in twos | [30] | |
10-m walk test (10MWT) speed | Participants walked a 10 m track. After walking 2 m, Assessors measured the time taken to walk a further 6 m | [31] | |
10MWT Stride length | During the 10MWT, Assessors also counted the number of strides taken to walk 6 m | [31] | |
Dynamic Balance | Step test | Participants stood with feet together, 10 cm from a 10 cm high step. Assessors counted the number of times that a participant placed their foot repeatedly on the step in 15 s. Both legs were tested | [32] |
Cognition | Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) | Participant completed the MoCA test version 8.1 (www.mocatest.org), which was scored by an assessor | [33] |
Fine motor skills | Spiral test | Assessors recorded the time taken to draw between the lines of a printed Archimedean spiral. A time penalties of 3 s and 5 s were given for touching a line or crossing a line respectively. Dominant hand was tested | [34] |
Nine-hole peg test (NHPT) | Assessors recorded the time taken to place 9 pegs in holes and then return the pegs to the reservoir. Both hands were tested | [35] | |
Micrographia | Participants were asked to write the same sentence at each assessment. The area and perimeter of each word was measured using Image J software | ||
Static Balance | Tandem stance (TS) | Assessors recorded the time that a participant could stand with one foot in front of the other (heel to toe) with eyes closed until the participant opened their eyes, a step was taken, or the participant used a hand to steady themselves. The assessment was terminated at 30 s. Both legs were tested | [36] |
Single leg stance (SLS) | Assessors recorded the time that a participant could stand with one foot raised in the air with eyes closed until the participant opened their eyes, a step was taken, or the participant used a hand to steady themselves. The assessment was terminated at 30 s. Both legs were tested | [36] | |