Table 2 Clinical, sociodemographic and assessment values for each cognitive group

Age

60.8 ± 8.8

67.1 ± 6.4

68.1 ± 8.6

< 0.001

^a < 0.001; ^b0.876

 Primary (%)

32.1

68.4

84.6

< 0.001

–

 Secondary (%)

35.1

26.3

15.4

< 0.001

–

 University (%)

32.6

5.3

0

< 0.001

–

Disease duration (months)

5.59 ± 6.6

5.42 ± 3.5

4.96 ± 4.3

0.858

^a0.962; ^b0.964

Hypertension (% yes)

30.3

45.6

34.6

< 0.05

^a < 0.05; 0.212

Diabetes mellitus (% yes)

5.6

15.8

15.4

< 0.005

^a < 0.05; ^b0.613

Dyslipidaemia (% yes)

28.8

39.5

38.5

0.070

^a < 0.05; ^b0.554

Cardiopathy (% yes)

7.9

11.4

3.8

0.340

^a0.162; ^b0.221

Arrhythmia (% yes)

4.3

7

3.8

0.486

0.176; ^b0.475

Smoking (% yes))

9.7

9.6

15.4

0.828

^a0.347; ^b0.521

Alcohol (% yes)

21.6

19.3

23.1

0.842

^a0.347; ^b0.422

Vitamin supplementation (% yes)

5.9

2.6

7.7

0.338

^a0.126; ^b0.232

TSREM (% yes)

37.7

39.5

46.2

0.888

^a < 0.818; ^b0.341

UPDRS-III (off)

21.1 ± 11

23.4 ± 11

27.3 ± 11

0.006

^a0.117; ^b0.016

H&Y (off)

1.9 ± 0.5

1.9 ± 0.6

2.2 ± 0.6

0.006

^a0.608; ^b0.039

LD equivalent daily dose

506 ± 398

567 ± 462

627 ± 530

0.088

^a0.382; ^b0.500

DA equivalent daily dose

179 ± 169

182 ± 184

223 ± 177

0.486

^a0.986; ^b0.453

Cognitive stimulation (%)

18.1%

12.3%

11.5%

0.268

^a0.092; ^b0.610

Exercise (%)

69.7%

64%

50%

0.077

^a0.150; ^b0.135

PD-CRS Total

98.8 ± 10

75.1 ± 4

58.8 ± 5

< 0.001

^a < 0.001; ^b < 0.001

 Fronto-subcortical

70.2 ± 10.4

49.1 ± 5.2

36 ± 6.8

< 0.001

^a < 0.001; ^b < 0.001

  Immediate verbal memory

8.6 ± 1.8

6.7 ± 2.1

5.7 ± 1.7

< 0.001

^a < 0.001; ^b0.039

  Sustained attention

9 ± 1.2

7.4 ± 2

5.2 ± 3

< 0.001

^a < 0.001; ^b < 0.001

  Working memory

7.7 ± 2

5.2 ± 2

3.6 ± 2

< 0.001

^a < 0.001; ^b < 0.001

  Clock draw

9.4 ± 1.4

8.3 ± 1.4

7 ± 2.3

< 0.001

^a < 0.001; ^b < 0.001

  Delayed free recall

6.2 ± 2.5

4.1 ± 2

2.3 ± 2

< 0.001

^a < 0.001; ^b < 0.001

  Alternating verbal fluency

12.8 ± 3.7

7.2 ± 2.6

5.5 ± 3.3

< 0.001

^a < 0.001; ^b0.078

  Action verbal fluency

16.4 ± 5.3

10 ± 3.1

7.6 ± 3.3

< 0.001

^a < 0.001; ^b0.059

 Posterior-cortical

28.5 ± 2.6

26 ± 3.6

22.8 ± 4

< 0.001

^a < 0.001; ^b < 0.001

  Confrontation naming

18.7 ± 2.4

16.9 ± 3.6

14.8 ± 3.9

< 0.001

^a < 0.001; ^b0.002

  Clock copy

9.8 ± 1

9 ± 1

8 ± 2

< 0.001

^a < 0.001; ^b < 0.001

Protein S100B

0.125 ± 0.6

0.094 ± 0.10

0.086 ± 0.01

0.932

^a0.941; ^b0.999

TNF alpha

7.2 ± 3

7.5 ± 4.5

6.4 ± 3.5

0.701

^a0.903; ^b0.684

IL-1

3.8 ± 15.1

4.4 ± 6.7

6.5 ± 7.3

0.849

^a0.969; ^b0.917

IL-2

1.9 ± 7.5

6.4 ± 33.8

30.5 ± 79.4

< 0.005

^a0.529; ^b< 0.005

IL-6

2.3 ± 3.5

4.2 ± 9.6

9 ± 17.7

< 0.01

^a0.242; ^b< 0.05

Vitamin B12

396.4 ± 152.2

395.4 ± 209.9

358 ± 137.48

0.817

^a0.999; ^b0.831

Methylmalonic acid

0.16 ± 0.1

0.17 ± 0.1

0.26 ± 0.26

0.070

^a0.767; ^b0.168

Homocysteine

14 ± 5.3

15.3 ± 7.7

16.2 ± 4

0.355

^a0.488; ^b0.914

CRP

0.2 ± 0.3

0.22 ± 0.29

0.19 ± 0.34

0.922

^a0.917; ^b0.974

Uric acid

5.5 ± 2.2

5.5 ± 1.6

5.8 ± 0.9

0.916

^a0.999; ^b0.927

Ferritin

126.6 ± 110

117 ± 163

60 ± 58

0.367

^a0.906; ^b0.500

Iron

91.7 ± 36.7

80 ± 31.4

80 ± 30.5

0.158

^a0.174; ^b0.999