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Table 3 Neuropsychiatric symptoms

From: Identifying comorbidities and lifestyle factors contributing to the cognitive profile of early Parkinson’s disease

 

PD-NC

PD-MCI

PDD

p-value

Post-hoc

NPI Total (frequency x severity)

5.4 ± 7.3

7.7 ± 8.7

9 ± 9.9

0.007

a < 0.001; b0.721

 % NPI total > 1

60.4

70.2

72.7

0.126

a0.05; 0.518

 Delirium

0.1 ± 0.9

0.2 ± 0.9

0 ± 0

0.586

a0.726; b0.619

 % NPI > 1

2.3

4.3

0

0.432

a0.246; b0.441

 Hallucinations

0.1 ± 0.7

0.3 ± 1.5

0.3 ± 0.8

0.162

a0.150; b0.951

 % NPI > 1

3.3

7.1

9.5

0.138

a0.088; b0.496

 Agitation

0.4 ± 1.2

0.5 ± 1.3

0.9 ± 1.7

0.183

a0.585; b0.525

 % NPI > 1

9.1

13.5

19

0.198

a0.141; b0.362

 Depression/dysphoria

1.3 ± 2.1

2 ± 2.9

2.2 ± 3.4

0.020

a0.034; b0.258

 % NPI > 1

21.8

41.8

33.8

0.055

a < 0.05; b0.320

 Anxiety

1.4 ± 2.3

1.6 ± 2.3

1.5 ± 2.1

0.708

a0.684; b0.988

 % NPI > 1

33

39.2

34.8

0.537

a0.160; b0.445

 Euphoria

0.2 ± 0.9

0.2 ± 0.8

0 ± 0

0.666

a0.934; b0.548

 % NPI > 1

4.7

6.3

0

0.460

a0.340; b0.293

 Apathy

0.9 ± 2

1.9 ± 3

2.3 ± 2.7

< 0.001

a < 0.001; b0.839

 % NPI > 1

21.4

35.4

42.9

< 0.005

a < 0.005; b0.341

 Disinhibition

0.06 ± 0.4

0.1 ± 0.6

0 ± 0

0.183

a0.230; b0.341

 % NPI > 1

1.7

3.2

0

0.520

a0.294; b0.543

 Irritability

0.8 ± 1.6

1.1 ± 2

1.3 ± 2.3

0.132

a0.207; b0.930

 % NPI > 1

20

27.4

27.3

0.265

a0.086; b0.610

 Aberrant motor behaviour

0.2 ± 1

0.2 ± 0.7

0.7 ± 2.1

0.102

a0.985; b0.134

 % NPI > 1

4

6.4

9.5

0.373

a0.238; b0.448

  1. a p ≤ 0.05 significance based on paired t-test. (PD-NC vs PD-MCI)
  2. b p ≤ 0.05 significance based on paired t-test. (PD-MCI vs PDD)