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Shift in diagnostic classification of migraine after initiation of preventive treatment with eptinezumab: post hoc analysis of the PROMISE studies

BMC Neurology volume 22, Article number: 394 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Monthly headache frequency directly correlates with personal/societal burden and impacts severity and preventive treatment decisions. This post hoc analysis identified shifts from higher to lower frequency headache categories over 6 months in patients with migraine participating in the PROMISE clinical trials receiving two eptinezumab doses.

Methods

Headache frequency at baseline and over study months 1–6 was categorized into 4 groups: chronic migraine (CM; ≥ 15 monthly headache days [MHDs]), high-frequency episodic migraine (HFEM; 10–14 MHDs), low-frequency episodic migraine (LFEM; 4–9 MHDs), and ≤ 3 MHDs. Outcomes included the percentage of patients within each MHD category, the percentage of patients improving by ≥ 1 MHD category, and the number of months with reduction of ≥ 1 MHD category. Data from patients who received approved eptinezumab doses (100 mg or 300 mg) or placebo were included.

Results

Mean headache frequency at baseline in PROMISE-1 was 10 MHDs; most patients were classified as having HFEM (48.6%) or LFEM (43.9%). At Month 1, 62/221 (28.1%), 75/222 (33.8%), and 45/222 (20.3%) patients who received eptinezumab 100 mg, 300 mg, and placebo had ≤ 3 MHDs, with 97/221 (43.9%), 108/222 (48.6%), and 84/222 (37.8%), respectively, falling below the diagnostic EM threshold at Month 6. More than one-third (79/221 [35.7%], 83/222 [37.4%], and 68/222 [30.6%] of patients in the eptinezumab 100 mg, 300 mg, and placebo groups, respectively), had 6 months of reduction of ≥ 1 frequency category. At baseline in PROMISE-2, mean headache frequency was 20.5 MHDs. All patients (100%) in the eptinezumab 100 mg and placebo groups had CM, as did 99.4% of patients receiving eptinezumab 300 mg. At Month 1, 209/356 (58.7%), 216/350 (61.7%), and 167/366 (45.6%) patients treated with eptinezumab 100 mg, 300 mg, and placebo had ≤ 14 MHDs, with 240/356 (67.4%), 249/350 (71.1%), and 221/366 (60.4%), respectively, falling below CM threshold at Month 6. Additionally, 153/356 (43.0%), 169/350 (48.3%), and 116/366 (31.7%) patients in the eptinezumab 100 mg, 300 mg, and placebo groups, respectively, had 6 months of reduction of ≥ 1 frequency category.

Conclusion

In the PROMISE studies, episodic and chronic migraine patients treated with eptinezumab were more likely to reduce their headache frequency versus placebo, which directly and in a sustained way improved their diagnostic category classification.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02559895, NCT02974153.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

Headache frequency varies widely across the migraine spectrum and, in individual patients, may increase or decrease as their migraine worsens or improves [1, 2]. Because the individual and societal impacts of migraine increase with monthly headache day frequency [3,4,5,6,7,8], it is important to quantify changes in frequency occurring with preventive treatment. Furthermore, access to preventive treatment remains largely driven by the number of headache days and diagnostic migraine classification (e.g., episodic migraine [EM] or chronic migraine [CM]), despite calls to consider factors other than headache frequency when determining the need for preventive intervention [9,10,11,12].

Eptinezumab (Vyepti™, Lundbeck Seattle BioPharmaceuticals, Inc., Bothell, WA, USA) is a calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonist approved for migraine prevention in adults [13,14,15]. The preventive efficacy and safety of eptinezumab 100 mg and 300 mg administered intravenously every 12 weeks have been demonstrated across the spectrum of 4–26 migraine days per month [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. In the phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled PROMISE studies, eptinezumab administered every 12 weeks significantly reduced migraine frequency, with onset of preventive efficacy demonstrated on Day 1 after dosing [17, 18]. In patients with EM (PROMISE-1), eptinezumab 100 mg and 300 mg reduced monthly migraine days (MMDs) over Weeks 1–12 by 3.9 (P = 0.0182 vs placebo) and 4.3 (P = 0.0001 vs placebo) days, respectively [18]. In patients with CM (PROMISE-2), eptinezumab 100 mg and 300 mg reduced MMDs over Weeks 1–12 by 7.7 (P < 0.0001 vs placebo) and 8.2 (P < 0.0001 vs placebo) days, respectively, and reduced monthly headache days (MHDs) over the same time period (–8.2 and –8.8 days, respectively; differences vs placebo [95% CI], –1.7 [–2.6, –0.9] and –2.3 [–3.2, –1.4], respectively) [17]. The objective of this post hoc analysis of data from the PROMISE studies was to identify the proportions of patients with migraine shifting from higher-frequency classification headache categories to lower-frequency headache categories over the first 6 months of treatment.

Methods

Data were from the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled PROMISE studies [17, 18]. PROMISE-1 (NCT02559895) evaluated the safety and efficacy of eptinezumab 30 mg, 100 mg, and 300 mg in adults (18‒75 years of age) with a greater than 12-month history of EM, defined as ≤ 14 headache days per month, with ≥ 4 migraine days per month in the 3 months prior to screening [18]. Only data from patients who received approved doses (100 mg or 300 mg) were included in the current analysis. PROMISE-2 (NCT02974153) evaluated the safety and efficacy of eptinezumab 100 mg or 300 mg in adults (18‒65 years of age, inclusive) with a greater than 12-month history of CM, defined as ≥ 15 to ≤ 26 headache days and ≥ 8 migraine days during the 28-day screening period [17]. In both studies, eptinezumab was administered intravenously once every 12 weeks [17, 18].

Headache frequency at baseline and over study Months 1–6 was categorized into four groups for migraine category: CM (≥ 15 MHDs), high-frequency episodic migraine (HFEM; 10–14 MHDs), low-frequency episodic migraine (LFEM; 4–9 MHDs), and ≤ 3 MHDs [6, 8, 25].

Outcomes included the percentage of patients within each MHD category, the percentage of patients improving by ≥ 1 MHD category, and the sustained response with reduction of ≥ 1 MHD category. Data from patients who received approved eptinezumab doses (100 mg or 300 mg) or placebo were included. For PROMISE-2, outcomes in the subgroup of patients with medication-overuse headache (MOH) were also examined.

Results

Patients

A total of 443 adults received eptinezumab 100 mg or 300 mg in PROMISE-1 (100 mg, n = 221; 300 mg, n = 222) and 222 received placebo [18]. In PROMISE-2, 706 adults received eptinezumab (100 mg, n = 356; 300 mg, n = 350) and 366 received placebo [17]. Selected baseline demographic and clinical characteristics are summarized in Table 1; additional characteristics have been previously reported [17, 18].

Table 1 Select baseline demographic and clinical characteristics
Full size table

Mean headache frequency at baseline in PROMISE-1 was 10 headache days per month, where 8.6 were migraine days [18]. For the purpose of this analysis, most patients in PROMISE-1 were classified as having HFEM or LFEM (eptinezumab 100 mg, 46.2% HFEM and 46.6% LFEM; eptinezumab 300 mg, 48.2% HFEM and 42.8% LFEM; placebo, 51.4% HFEM and 42.3% LFEM). A small number of patients in PROMISE-1 were classified as having CM at baseline; this is because the classification system for the current analysis was not completely consistent with how diagnoses were captured during the 28-day screening period.

At baseline in PROMISE-2, mean headache frequency was 20.5 MHDs, where 16.1 were migraine days [17]. All patients (100%) in the eptinezumab 100-mg and placebo groups had CM, as did 99.4% of patients receiving eptinezumab 300 mg. A total of 431/1072 (40.2%) patients in PROMISE-2 had an MOH diagnosis at baseline [17].

Changes in diagnostic category in PROMISE-1

Changes from baseline in frequency category over Months 1–6 in PROMISE-1 are illustrated in Fig. 1. At Month 1, 62/221 (28.1%) patients treated with eptinezumab 100 mg and 75/222 (33.8%) patients treated with eptinezumab 300 mg had ≤ 3 MHDs, with 97/221 (43.9%) and 108/222 (48.6%), respectively, falling below this diagnostic EM threshold at Month 6. The proportions of patients in the placebo group achieving this status were numerically lower, at 20.3% (45/222) and 37.8% (84/222) at Months 1 and 6, respectively.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Percentage of patients in each diagnostic category, by month, in A) PROMISE-1 and B) PROMISE-2. MHDs, monthly headache days

Full size image

A total of 130/221 (58.8%), 138/222 (62.2%), and 116/222 (52.3%) patients in the eptinezumab 100-mg, 300-mg, and placebo groups, respectively, had a reduction of ≥ 1 frequency category at Month 1 and 156/221 (70.6%), 163/222 (73.4%), and 138/222 (62.2%) at Month 6 (Fig. 2). Furthermore, 79/221 (35.7%), 83/222 (37.4%), and 68/222 (30.6%) patients in the eptinezumab 100-mg, 300-mg, and placebo groups, respectively, had 6 months of sustained reduction of ≥ 1 frequency category (Fig. 3).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Percentage of patients with reduction of ≥ 1 MHD frequency category in A) PROMISE-1 and B) PROMISE-2. MHDs, monthly headache days

Full size image
Fig. 3
figure 3

Cumulative number of months with reduction of ≥ 1 MHD frequency category in A) PROMISE-1 and B) PROMISE-2. MHDs, monthly headache days

Full size image

Changes in diagnostic category in PROMISE-2

Changes from baseline in frequency category over Months 1–6 in PROMISE-2 are summarized in Fig. 1. At Month 1, 209/356 (58.7%) patients treated with eptinezumab 100 mg and 216/350 (61.7%) treated with eptinezumab 300 mg had ≤ 14 MHDs, with 240/356 (67.5%) and 249/350 (71.1%), respectively, falling below this diagnostic threshold at Month 6. The proportions of patients in the placebo group achieving this status were numerically lower (45.6% [167/366] and 60.4% [221/366]) at Months 1 and 6, respectively. At Month 1, 25.8%, 23.1%, and 23.2% of patients in the eptinezumab 100-mg, 300-mg, and placebo groups met the frequency criteria for HFEM and 23.9%, 26.9%, and 20.5% met the criteria from LFEM, respectively. At Month 6, the shift to LFEM was more pronounced (34.3%, 29.1%, and 25.1%, respectively).

A total of 209/356 (58.7%), 216/350 (61.7%), and 167/366 (45.6%) patients in the eptinezumab 100-mg, 300-mg, and placebo groups, respectively, had a reduction of ≥ 1 frequency category at Month 1 and 240/356 (67.4%), 249/350 (71.1%), and 221/366 (60.4%) at Month 6 (Fig. 2). Furthermore, 153/356 (43.0%), 169/350 (48.3%), and 116/366 (31.7%) patients in the eptinezumab 100-mg, 300-mg, and placebo groups, respectively, had 6 months of reduction of ≥ 1 frequency category (Fig. 3).

Changes from baseline in frequency category over Months 1–6 in the subset of patients with MOH in PROMISE-2 are summarized in Fig. 4. At Month 1, 93/139 (63.3%) patients treated with eptinezumab 100 mg and 93/147 (63.3%) patients treated with eptinezumab 300 mg had ≤ 14 MHDs, with 95/139 (68.4%) and 105/147 (71.4%), respectively, falling below this diagnostic threshold at Month 6. The proportions of patients in the placebo group achieving this status were lower, at 45.5% (66/145) and 60.0% (87/145) at Months 1 and 6, respectively.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Percentage of patients in each diagnostic category, by month, in the subgroup of patients with MOH diagnosis at baseline in PROMISE-2: A) eptinezumab 100 mg; B) eptinezumab 300 mg; C) placebo. MHDs, monthly headache days; MOH, medication-overuse headache

Full size image

Discussion

In this post hoc analysis of data from the PROMISE studies, eptinezumab use was associated with downward shifts in frequency-based classifications that were sustained across two dosing intervals (6 months). The results reported here are in alignment with the responses observed in previous work [26], which showed consistency in percent reduction across subgroups which were defined by baseline headache/migraine frequency. In PROMISE-1, reductions in migraine frequency were evident the first month after eptinezumab initiation and were of sufficient magnitude to render nearly one-third (30.9%) of patients below the threshold of ≤ 4 MHDs often used as the threshold for initiating preventive treatment. Maintenance of this benefit was demonstrated by the similar or greater proportions of patients experiencing ≤ 3 headache days during each subsequent month of the analysis period (36.6%, 38.8%, 46.5%, 49.0%, and 46.3% during Months 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively). Among those treated with eptinezumab remaining above this threshold, fewer experienced ≥ 10 headache days each month (HFEM or CM) relative to baseline (55.3% at baseline; 19.9%, 18.5%, 18.1%, 13.3%, 14.4%, and 14.9% during Months 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively).

In patients with CM (PROMISE-2), sustained reductions in headache frequency with eptinezumab were of sufficient magnitude and duration to permit many patients to fall within the range typically considered EM (≤ 14 MHDs) beginning the first month after treatment initiation. Specifically, more than half (60.2%) had ≤ 14 MHDs during the first month after eptinezumab initiation and 66.0%, 64.7%, 71.5%, 68.4%, and 69.3% had ≤ 14 MHDs during Months 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Some CM patients even improved to the point that they fell below the frequency threshold typically used for the indication of preventive treatment (≤ 4 MHDs), with 10.3% achieving this status during Month 1 and 15.3%, 15.3%, 23.4%, 22.5%, and 22.9% during Months 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. While these reductions in MHD associated with eptinezumab use likely reduce migraine-related burden, it is important to note that these data should not be interpreted as indicating a patient should discontinue preventive migraine treatment. Based on previous analyses [27], we would also expect some patients to fluctuate between categories despite treatment.

In addition, whereas these findings are suggestive of clinically meaningful changes in headache frequency, they raise some interesting questions for future research. In both studies, marked differences between Months 3 and 4 suggest that the administration of the second dose may not only sustain improvements, but further reduce headache frequency, i.e., an additive effect. These results are supportive of the updated American Headache Society [11] and European Headache Federation [28] guidelines recommending that trials with monoclonal antibodies targeting calcitonin gene-related peptide last for at least 3 to 6 months. Furthermore, observed improvements in the placebo groups of both studies suggest that factors other than eptinezumab administration likely contributed to observed benefits. Lastly, because lower-frequency categories are associated with better quality of life and lower burden/healthcare resource utilization [3,4,5,6,7,8], examination of the impact of the observed changes on quality of life and healthcare resource consumption are warranted. The latter may be particularly relevant, as access to preventive treatments is often based on diagnostic classification.

Limitations

Frequency-based classification of migraine is complex, and factors such as severity and associated disability are an important part of defining migraine. Analysis of data from the PROMISE-2 study indicated that reductions in headache frequency were associated with decreases in pain severity; common symptoms such as nausea, phonophobia, and photophobia; and activity limitations [29]. The categories used in this analysis were based on the conceptional framework for transitions in migraine put forth by Bigal and colleagues (2008) [1], with the LFEM category being further broken down to identify patients who fall below the threshold for initiating migraine prevention (≤ 4 MHDs) [11]. To date, no clear definitions of LFEM and HFEM exist, and there is some variability in the range of each category [30,31,32,33,34]. Further, CM subgroups could have been further subdivided into two categories (15–23 MHDs and 24–28 MHDs) which may better capture differences in disease burden, as was described in Ishii et al. 2021 [35]. Although changes in classification based on migraine days were not explored, previous data indicate that MMD reduction parallels MHD reduction and thus would be expected to demonstrate similar improvements. Future work would be needed to determine if sociodemographic or baseline characteristics can be used to predict which patients experience the greatest shifts in diagnostic classification; however, previous work has suggested that such predictors are not easily identified [26, 36].

Conclusion

Changes in headache frequency during the first 6 months of eptinezumab treatment in the PROMISE studies were frequently of sufficient magnitude and duration to permit a shift in frequency and reclassify to categories associated with better quality of life and reduced healthcare resource utilization.

Availability of data and materials

Data Sharing Statement: In accordance with EFPIA’s and PhRMA’s “Principles for Responsible Clinical Trial Data Sharing” guidelines, Lundbeck is committed to responsible sharing of clinical trial data in a manner that is consistent with safeguarding the privacy of patients, respecting the integrity of national regulatory systems, and protecting the intellectual property of the sponsor. The protection of intellectual property ensures continued research and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. Deidentified data are available to those whose request has been reviewed and approved through an application submitted to https://www.lundbeck.com/global/our-science/clinical-data-sharing.

Abbreviations

CM:

Chronic migraine

EM:

Episodic migraine

HFEM:

High-frequency episodic migraine

LFEM:

Low-frequency episodic migraine

MMDs:

Monthly migraine days

MOH:

Medication-overuse headache

MHD:

Monthly headache day

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Mary Tom, PharmD, and Beth Reichard, PhD, of The Medicine Group, LLC (New Hope, PA, United States) for providing medical writing support, which was funded by H. Lundbeck A/S (Copenhagen, Denmark) in accordance with Good Publication Practice guidelines.

Funding

The PROMISE trials were funded by Lundbeck Seattle BioPharmaceuticals, Inc., Bothell, WA, USA. The sponsor participated in the design and conduct of the study; data collection, management, analysis, and interpretation; and preparation, review, and approval of the manuscript. All statistical analyses were performed by a contracted research organization and were directed or designed by Pacific Northwest Statistical Consulting under contractual agreement with Lundbeck Seattle BioPharmaceuticals, Inc. All authors and H. Lundbeck A/S and Lundbeck Seattle BioPharmaceuticals, Inc. prepared, reviewed, and approved the manuscript and made the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Editorial support for the development of this manuscript was funded by H. Lundbeck A/S.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neurology Department, Headache Unit, Vall d’Hebron, University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Patricia Pozo-Rosich

  2. Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Department de Medicina, Vall d’Hebron, University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Patricia Pozo-Rosich

  3. Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA

    David W. Dodick

  4. Atria Institute, New York, NY, USA

    David W. Dodick

  5. H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Anders Ettrup

  6. Pacific Northwest Statistical Consulting, Inc., Woodinville, WA, USA

    Joe Hirman

  7. Lundbeck LLC, Deerfield, IL, USA

    Roger Cady

  8. RK Consults, Ozark, MO, USA

    Roger Cady

  9. Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA

    Roger Cady

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  3. Anders Ettrup
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Contributions

PP-R, DD, AE, and RC contributed to the conception and design of the study. JH contributed to data visualization and statistical analysis. All authors reviewed and provided critical revision of all manuscript drafts for important intellectual content, as well as approved the final manuscript for submission.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Patricia Pozo-Rosich.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The PROMISE-1 study was approved by the independent ethics committee or institutional review board for each of the 87 study sites: Birmingham, Alabama, United States, 35216; Phoenix, Arizona, United States, 85013; Tucson, Arizona, United States, 85712; Little Rock, Arkansas, United States, 72205; Anaheim, California, United States, 92801; Fresno, California, United States, 93702; Fullerton, California, United States, 92835; Long Beach, California, United States, 90806; Montclair, California, United States, 91763; Oceanside, California, United States, 92056; Redlands, California, United States, 92374; two sites in San Diego, California, United States: 92103; 92108; Santa Monica, California, United States, 90404; Sherman Oaks, California, United States, 91403; Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States, 80918; Fort Collins, Colorado, United States, 80528; Stamford, Connecticut, United States, 06905; Waterbury, Connecticut, United States, 06708; Bradenton, Florida, United States, 34201; DeLand, Florida, United States, 32720; Fort Myers, Florida, United States, 33912; Hallandale Beach, Florida, United States, 33009; Hialeah, Florida, United States, 33012; Maitland, Florida, United States, 32751; three sites in Miami, Florida, United States: 33143; 33155; 33173; Naples, Florida, United States, 34102; Orlando, Florida, United States, 32801; Sunrise, Florida, United States, 33351; Winter Haven, Florida, United States, 33880; two sites in Atlanta, Georgia, United States: 30331; 30342; Stockbridge, Georgia, United States, 30281; Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60607; Lisle, Illinois, United States, 60532; Prairie Village, Kansas, United States, 66206; Lexington, Kentucky, United States, 40509; Owensboro, Kentucky, United States, 42303; New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, 70115; Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02131; North Attleboro, Massachusetts, United States, 02760; Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, 01104; Watertown, Massachusetts, United States, 02472; Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48104; Farmington Hills, Michigan, United States, 48334; Jackson, Michigan, United States, 49201; Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55402; Flowood, Mississippi, United States, 39232; Saint Louis, Missouri, United States, 63141; Springfield, Missouri, United States, 65807; Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, 89119; Reno, Nevada, United States, 89502; Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, 87102; two sites in Brooklyn, New York, United States: 11213; 11229; Hartsdale, New York, United States, 10530; Rochester, New York, United States, 14609; Staten Island, New York, United States, 10312; Durham, North Carolina, United States, 27713; Greensboro, North Carolina, United States, 27405; High Point, North Carolina, United States, 27265; Wilmington, North Carolina, United States, 28401; Dayton, Ohio, United States, 45424; Edmond, Oklahoma, United States, 73034; Norman, Oklahoma, United States, 73069; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States, 73112; Portland, Oregon, United States, 97210; Allentown, Pennsylvania, United States, 18104; Smithfield, Pennsylvania, United States, 15478; Anderson, South Carolina, United States, 29621; two sites in Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States: 37404; 37421; Kingsport, Tennessee, United States, 37660; Memphis, Tennessee, United States, 38119; Austin, Texas, United States, 78745; Dallas, Texas, United States, 75231; two sites in Houston, Texas, United States: 77074; 77081; Richmond, Virginia, United States, 23294; Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States, 23454; Bellevue, Washington, United States, 98007; and four sites in Tbilisi, Georgia: 0112; 0160; 0179; 0186. The PROMISE-2 study was approved by the independent ethics committee or institutional review board for each of the 145 study sites: Birmingham, Alabama, United States, 35235; Phoenix, Arizona, United States, 85032; Little Rock, Arkansas, United States, 72211; Carlsbad, California, United States, 92011; Oceanside, California, United States, 92056; Orange, California, United States, 92868; Oxnard, California, United States, 93030; Palo Alto, California, United States, 94304; Redlands, California, United States, 92374; San Diego, California, United States, 92108; Santa Monica, California, United States, 90404; Torrance, California, United States, 90502; Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States, 80918; New London, Connecticut, United States, 06320; Jacksonville, Florida, United States, 32256; Miami, Florida, United States, 33155; Orlando, Florida, United States, 32806; Tampa, Florida, United States, 33606; West Palm Beach, Florida, United States, 33407; Winter Haven, Florida, United States, 33880; two sites in Atlanta, Georgia, United States: 30328; 30342; Decatur, Georgia, United States, 30030; Champaign, Illinois, United States, 61820; two sites in Chicago, Illinois, United States: 60607; 60642; Anderson, Indiana, United States, 46011; Des Moines, Iowa, United States, 50309; Overland Park, Kansas, United States, 66212; Prairie Village, Kansas, United States, 66208; Wichita, Kansas, United States, 67207; Marrero, Louisiana, United States, 70072; Waldorf, Maryland, United States, 20603; Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02135; North Attleboro, Massachusetts, United States, 02740; Watertown, Massachusetts, United States, 02472; Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48104; Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55402; Flowood, Mississippi, United States, 39232; Saint Louis, Missouri, United States, 63141; Saint Peters, Missouri, United States, 63303; Springfield, Missouri, United States, 65810; Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, 89113; Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States, 03756; Princeton, New Jersey, United States, 08540; Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, 87102; Amherst, New York, United States, 14226; Brooklyn, New York, United States, 11229; two sites in New York, New York, United States: 10016; 10019; Plainview, New York, United States, 11803; Rochester, New York, United States, 14609; Durham, North Carolina, United States, 27705; High Point, North Carolina, United States, 27262; Canton, Ohio, United States, 44718; Dayton, Ohio, United States, 45432; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States, 73116; Scottdale, Pennsylvania, United States, 15683; Smithfield, Pennsylvania, United States, 15478; Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, United States, 29464; two sites in Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States: 37404; 37421; Memphis, Tennessee, United States, 38119; Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37203; Dallas, Texas, United States, 75214; Houston, Texas, United States, 77058; Houston, Texas, United States, 77081; North Richland Hills, Texas, United States, 76180; San Antonio, Texas, United States, 78258; two sites in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States: 84109; 84123; Richmond, Virginia, United States, 23294; Bellevue, Washington, United States, 98007; Spokane, Washington, United States, 99202; Brussels, Belgium, 1090; two sites in Liege, Belgium, 4000; Brno, Czechia, 61500; Choceň, Czechia, 565 01; Prague, Czechia, 18200; Praha, Czechia, 100 34; Glostrup, Denmark, 2600; Viborg, Denmark, 8800; four sites in Tbilisi, Georgia: 0112; 0160; 0179; 0186; Berlin, Germany, 10117; Erlangen, Germany, 91054; Hamburg, Germany, 20246; Nordheim, Germany, 45122; Unterhaching, Germany, 82008; three sites in Budapest, Hungary: 1033; 1083; 1145; Pecs, Hungary, 7623; Ancona, Italy, 60020; two sites in Milano, Italy: 20132; 20133; Napoli, Italy, 80131; Pavia, Italy, 27100; Roma, Italy, 00163; Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation, 620102; Kazan', Russian Federation, 420064; Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation, 660037Moscow, Russian Federation, 121467; two sites in Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630051; 630054; three sites in Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation: 191144; 194044; 194223; Yaroslavl', Russian Federation, 150030; Banska Bystrica, Slovakia, 97404Dolný Kubín, Slovakia, 026 01; Dubnica nad Vahom, Slovakia, 01841; Krompachy, Slovakia, 053 42; Alicante, Spain, 03010; Barcelona, Spain, 08035; Guadalajara, Spain, 19002; Lleida, Spain, 25198; four sites in Madrid, Spain: 28046; 28050; 28222; 28223; Navarrés, Spain, 31008; Santander, Spain, 39008; Sevilla, Spain, 41013; Terrassa, Spain, 08221; Valencia, Spain, 46026; Valladolid, Spain, 47005; two sites in Dnipropetrovs'k, Ukraine: 49045; 49027; Ivano-Frankivs'k, Ukraine, 76008; two sites in Kharkiv, Ukraine: 61068; 61103; L'viv, Ukraine, 79010; Odessa, Ukraine, 65014; Vinnytsia, Ukraine, 21005; Zaporizhzhya, Ukraine, 69065; Glasgow, United Kingdom, G51 4TF; Inverness, United Kingdom, IV2 3UJ; London, United Kingdom, SE5 9PL; Newcastle, United Kingdom, NE1 4LP; Salford, United Kingdom, M8 8HD; and Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom, ST4 7LN. Both studies were conducted in accordance with standards of Good Clinical Practice as defined by the International Conference on Harmonisation and all applicable federal and local regulations. All study documentation was approved by the local review board at each site or by a central institutional review board or ethics committee. All patients provided written informed consent prior to participation in their respective study.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

PP-R has received honoraria as a consultant and speaker from Allergan/AbbVie, Biohaven, Chiesi, Eli Lilly, Medscape, Lundbeck, Novartis, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. Her research group has received research grants from AGAUR, Allergan/AbbVie, EraNet Migraine Research Foundation, FEDER RIS3CAT, Instituto Investigación Carlos III, International Headache Society, la Caixa foundation, MICINN, Neuron, Novartis, PERIS, and Teva; and has received funding for clinical trials from Alder, Allergan/AbbVie, Amgen, electroCore, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, and Teva. She is the Honorary Secretary of the International Headache Society. She is on the editorial board of Revista de Neurologia. She is an associate editor for Cephalalgia, Headache, Neurologia, and Frontiers of Neurology and an advisory Scientific member of the Editorial Board of The Journal of Headache and Pain. She is a member of the Clinical Trials Guidelines Committee and Scientific Committee of the International Headache Society. She has edited the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Headache of the Spanish Neurological Society. She is the founder of www.midolordecabeza.org. PP-R does not own stocks from any pharmaceutical company.

DD has been a consultant for Amgen, Allergan/Abbvie, Atria Health, AYYA Biosciences, Biohaven, CapiThera Ltd., Cerecin, Ceruvia Lifesciences LLC, Cooltech, Ctrl M, Eli Lilly, GSK, Impel, Lundbeck, Nocira, Novartis, Perfood, Pfizer, Praxis, Revance, Satsuma, Theranica, and WL Gore. He has received payment or honoraria from Amgen, Allergan/Abbvie, Biohaven, Cambridge University Press, Clinical Care Solutions, CME Outfitters, Curry Rockefeller Group, DeepBench, Eli Lilly, Global Access Meetings, KLJ Associates, Lundbeck, Majallin LLC, Medlogix Communications, Miller Medical Communications, MJH Lifesciences, Novartis, Oxford University Press, Pfizer, Vector Psychometric Group, WebMD Health/Medscape, and Wolters Kluwer. He has participated on Data Safety Monitoring or Advisory Boards for Allergan/Abbvie, Academy for Continued Healthcare Learning, Amgen, and Biohaven. He has received research support from American Migraine Foundation, Department of Defense, Henry Jackson Foundation, National Institutes of Health, Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), and Sperling Foundation. He has a leadership or fiduciary role with American Brain Foundation, American Migraine Foundation, International Headache Society, and Global Patient Advocacy Coalition. He owns stock or stock options in Atria Health, Aural Analytics, AYYA Biosciences, Epien, ExSano, Healint, King-Devick Technologies, Man and Science, Matterhorn, Nocira, Ontologics, Precon Health, Second Opinion/Mobile Health, and Theranica. He holds a patent, 17189376.1–1466:vTitle: Botulinum Toxin Dosage Regimen for Chronic Migraine Prophylaxis without fee, and has a patent application submitted, Synaquell (Precon Health). AE is a full-time employee of H. Lundbeck A/S. JH is an employee of Pacific Northwest Statistical Consulting, Inc., a contracted service provider of biostatistical resources for Lundbeck. RC was an employee of Lundbeck at the time of manuscript development.

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Pozo-Rosich, P., Dodick, D.W., Ettrup, A. et al. Shift in diagnostic classification of migraine after initiation of preventive treatment with eptinezumab: post hoc analysis of the PROMISE studies. BMC Neurol 22, 394 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-022-02914-9

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BMC Neurology

ISSN: 1471-2377

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