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  1. Most spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAH) occur unexpectedly and independently of classical risk factors. In the light of increasing climate variability and change, we investigated weather and rapid weat...

    Authors: Michael Kockler, Peter Schlattmann, Mario Walther, Georg Hagemann, Philipp Nils Becker, Steffen Rosahl, Otto W. Witte, Matthias Schwab and Florian Rakers
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:283
  2. Glioblastoma (GBM) is a refractory disease with a poor prognosis and various methods, including maximum resection and immunotherapy, have been tested to improve outcomes. In this retrospective study we analyze...

    Authors: Eiichi Ishikawa, Narushi Sugii, Masahide Matsuda, Hidehiro Kohzuki, Takao Tsurubuchi, Hiroyoshi Akutsu, Shingo Takano, Masashi Mizumoto, Hideyuki Sakurai and Akira Matsumura
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:282
  3. Previously published computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies regarding intracranial aneurysm (IA) formation present conflicting results. Our study analysed the involvement of the combination of high wall sh...

    Authors: Mikołaj Zimny, Edyta Kawlewska, Anna Hebda, Wojciech Wolański, Piotr Ładziński and Wojciech Kaspera
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:281
  4. Motor impairment after stroke is due not only to direct tissue loss but also to disrupted connectivity within the motor network. Mixed results from studies attempting to enhance motor recovery with Transcrania...

    Authors: Camarin E. Rolle, Fiona M. Baumer, Joshua T. Jordan, Ketura Berry, Madelleine Garcia, Karen Monusko, Hersh Trivedi, Wei Wu, Russell Toll, Marion S. Buckwalter, Maarten Lansberg and Amit Etkin
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:280
  5. We aim to describe and compare patients and general practitioners’ opinions about the different variables related to acute and preventive treatment for migraine.

    Authors: Javier Trigo-López, Ángel Luis Guerrero-Peral, Álvaro Sierra, Enrique Martínez-Pías, María Gutiérrez-Sánchez, Elizabeth Huzzey and David García-Azorín
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:279
  6. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is defined by an increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure in the absence of inflammation, structural obstructions, or mass lesions. Although the underlying pathogenesis...

    Authors: Felix Fischbach, Anne Deborah Scholz-Hehn, Christian Gerloff and Monika Pötter-Nerger
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:278
  7. Myasthenia gravis (MG) can occur as a paraneoplastic phenomenon associated with thymoma. The association of MG with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is not clear. Herein, we describe six cases of MG associated with ...

    Authors: Yiming Zheng, Jingjing Luo, Haiqiang Jin, Ran Liu, Hongjun Hao and Feng Gao
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:277
  8. Spasticity is present in more than 80% of the population with cerebral palsy (CP). The aim of this study was to describe and compare the use of three spasticity reducing methods; Botulinum toxin-A therapy (BTX...

    Authors: Gunnar Hägglund, Sandra Julsen Hollung, Matti Ahonen, Guro L. Andersen, Guðbjörg Eggertsdóttir, Mark S. Gaston, Reidun Jahnsen, Ira Jeglinsky-Kankainen, Kirsten Nordbye-Nielsen, Ilaria Tresoldi and Ann I. Alriksson-Schmidt
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:276
  9. Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) is an inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy characterized by rapidly evolving weakness and areflexia, reaching nadir within 4 weeks. Data on the characteristic of GBS in Saudi Arabi...

    Authors: Mohammed H. Alanazy, Sawsan S. Bakry, Afnan Alqahtani, Norah S. AlAkeel, Naael Alazwary, Afag M. Osman, Rania A. Mustafa, Talal M. Al-Harbi, Sameeh O. Abdulmana, Aimee C. Amper, Yousef Aldughaythir, Abdulrahman S. Ali, Seraj Makkawi, Alaa Maglan, Loujen Alamoudi, Feras Alsulaiman…
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:275
  10. Ischemic stroke, including transient ischemic attack (TIA) and acute-phase cerebral infarction (aCI), is a serious health problem in the aging society. Thus, this study aimed to identify TIA and aCI biomarkers.

    Authors: Hao Wang, Hao Lu, Xiao-Meng Zhang, Ken-ichiro Goto, Eiichi Kobayashi, Yoichi Yoshida, Akihiko Adachi, Tomoo Matsutani, Yasuo Iwadate, Seiichiro Mine, Toshio Machida, Mizuki Sata, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Hiroyasu Iso, Norie Sawada, Shoichiro Tsugane…
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:274
  11. Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is a rare neurodegenerative disease. Pathologically, it is characterized by eosinophilic hyaline intranuclear inclusions in the cells of the visceral organs as we...

    Authors: Atsuhiko Sugiyama, Takahiro Takeda, Mizuho Koide, Hajime Yokota, Hiroki Mukai, Yoshihisa Kitayama, Kazumoto Shibuya, Nobuyuki Araki, Ai Ishikawa, Sagiri Isose, Kimiko Ito, Kazuhiro Honda, Yoshitaka Yamanaka, Terunori Sano, Yuko Saito, Kimihito Arai…
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:273
  12. Human hairy (not glabrous skin) is equipped with a subgroup of C-fibers, the C-tactile (CT) fibers. Those do not mediate pain but affective aspects of touch. CT-fiber-activation reduces experimental pain if th...

    Authors: Kathrin Habig, Gothje Lautenschläger, Hagen Maxeiner, Frank Birklein, Heidrun H. Krämer and Susann Seddigh
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:272
  13. Dementia is one of the greatest global health and social care challenges of the twenty-first century. The etiology and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as the most common type of dementia remain unknow...

    Authors: Lingling Wang, Ping Li, Ming Hou, Xiumin Zhang, Xiaolin Cao and Hongyan Li
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:271
  14. In neurosurgery, it is important to use local hemostatic agents. We have explored a more powerful method of hemostasis by the combination of commercially available hemostatic agents with fibrin glue in the hop...

    Authors: Katsumi Takizawa, Daiki Okazaki, Yoshitaka Takegawa, Yuki Koga, Masataka Sagata, Kenichi Michishita and Noriko Shinya
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:270
  15. This article comprises a systematic review of the literature that aims at researching and analyzing the frequently applied guidelines for structuring national databases of epidemiological surveillance for moto...

    Authors: Ingridy Barbalho, Ricardo Valentim, Mário Dourado Júnior, Daniele Barros, Hércules Pedrosa Júnior, Felipe Fernandes, César Teixeira, Thaísa Lima, Jailton Paiva and Danilo Nagem
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:269
  16. Minimally invasive surgery has achieved good results in the treatment of cerebral haemorrhage.However, no large-scale clinical study has demonstrated that surgical treatment of cerebral haemorrhages less than ...

    Authors: Xin Huang, Lai Jiang, Shaojun Chen, Gang Li, Wanxi Pan, Lei Peng and Ziwei Yan
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:268
  17. Hemiplegic migraine (HM) is an uncommon subtype of migraine with aura including motor weakness. The core symptoms of HM are headache and motor weakness. However, we report a rare case of atypical HM with nonhe...

    Authors: Hui Chen, Xiaolan Sun, Ruiyan Wang, Zhaoshi Yi, Zhixin Huang, Jihua Xie, Xiongying Yu, Yong Chen and Jianmin Zhong
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:267
  18. Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by a temporary short-term memory loss with inability to retain new memories, usually lasting 2 to 8 h. TGA may be related to several medical ...

    Authors: Sabrina Ravaglia, Antonio Zito, Lara Ahmad and Isabella Canavero
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:266
  19. Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is a late-onset muscular dystrophy characterised by slowly progressive ptosis, dysphagia, and proximal limb muscle weakness. A common cause of OPMD is the short expans...

    Authors: Yo-suke Nishii, Yu-ichi Noto, Rei Yasuda, Takamasa Kitaoji, Shinji Ashida, Eijirou Tanaka, Narihiro Minami, Ichizo Nishino and Toshiki Mizuno
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:265
  20. The term “Tolosa-Hunt syndrome” (THS) has been used to refer to painful ophthalmoplegia associated with nonspecific inflammation of the cavernous sinus and many processes can result in a similar clinical pictu...

    Authors: Paulo Ribeiro Nóbrega, Pedro Gustavo Barros Rodrigues, Isabelle de Sousa Pereira, Carolina de Figueiredo Santos, Gunter Gerson, José Arnaldo Motta de Arruda, José Wagner Leonel Tavares Júnior, Pablo Picasso de Araújo Coimbra and Pedro Braga-Neto
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:264
  21. Over the past 20 years Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) has grown in clinical use to support walking in people with lower limb weakness or paralysis due to upper motor neuron lesions. Despite growing co...

    Authors: C Bulley, C Meagher, T Street, A Adonis, C Peace, C Singleton and J. Burridge
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:263
  22. Fatigue and sleep disturbance are debilitating problems following brain injury and there are no established treatments. Building on demonstrated efficacy of blue light delivered via a lightbox in reducing fati...

    Authors: Laura J. Connolly, Shantha M. W. Rajaratnam, Jade M. Murray, Gershon Spitz, Steven W. Lockley and Jennie L. Ponsford
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:262
  23. Among the many factors that may influence traumatic brain injury (TBI) progression, sex is one of the most controversial. The objective of this study was to investigate sex differences in TBI-associated morbid...

    Authors: Sanae Hosomi, Tetsuhisa Kitamura, Tomotaka Sobue, Hiroshi Ogura and Takeshi Shimazu
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:261
  24. The optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and ONSD/eyeball transverse diameter (ETD) ratio have been proven to be correlated with intracranial pressure. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic roles of ONSD a...

    Authors: Sha Zhu, Chao Cheng, Dianjiang Zhao, Yuanli Zhao, Xianzeng Liu and Jun Zhang
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:259
  25. Stroke is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Also, free radicals and oxidative stress are deleterious factor in the stroke progression. We aimed to evaluate the association between oxidative stress mark...

    Authors: Sheida Shaafi, Fina Hadisi, Mahsa Mahmoudinezhad, Hamidreza Razmi, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi and Mohammad Khalili
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:258
  26. Erenumab, a monoclonal antibody against the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor, is registered for migraine prevention. Compared to other conventional migraine prevention medicines (i.e. topiramate...

    Authors: C. K. Cullum, M. K. Olsen, H. B. Kocadag, M. Ashina and F. M. Amin
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:257
  27. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with no cure and few treatment options. Its incidence is increasing due to aging populations, longer disease duration and potentially as a CO...

    Authors: Ann Liebert, Brian Bicknell, E-Liisa Laakso, Gillian Heller, Parastoo Jalilitabaei, Sharon Tilley, John Mitrofanis and Hosen Kiat
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:256
  28. Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) has been suggested to cause neuroinflammation and motor neuron degeneration by activating microglia and astrocytes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Since we...

    Authors: Takamasa Nukui, Atsushi Matsui, Hideki Niimi, Tomoyuki Sugimoto, Tomohiro Hayashi, Nobuhiro Dougu, Hirofumi Konishi, Mamoru Yamamoto, Ryoko Anada, Noriyuki Matsuda, Isao Kitajima and Yuji Nakatsuji
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:255
  29. Effective inclusion in society for young people with disabilities is increasingly seen as generating opportunities for self-development, and improving well-being. However, significant barriers remain in the va...

    Authors: Catherine Arnaud, Carine Duffaut, Jérôme Fauconnier, Silke Schmidt, Kate Himmelmann, Marco Marcelli, Lindsay Pennington, Joaquim Alvarelhão, Chirine Cytera, Marion Rapp, Virginie Ehlinger and Ute Thyen
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:254
  30. Spontaneous intracranial hypotension and post-dural puncture headache are both caused by a loss of cerebrospinal fluid but present with different pathogeneses. We compared these two conditions concerning their...

    Authors: Gha-Hyun Lee, Jiyoung Kim, Hyun-Woo Kim and Jae Wook Cho
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:253
  31. Epilepsy is a severe chronic neurologic disease with a prevalence of 0.7% worldwide; anti-seizure medications (ASMs) are the mainstay of epilepsy treatment. The effects of sociodemographic factors on the chara...

    Authors: Qiong Zhu, Yi Guo, Shuai Ma, Lili Yang, Zhonghua Lin, Hongbin Sun, Guangzong Li and Liang Yu
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:251
  32. Authors: Roderick P. P. W. M. Maas, Ivan Toni, Jonne Doorduin, Thomas Klockgether, Dennis J. L. G. Schutter and Bart P. C. van de Warrenburg
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:250

    The original article was published in BMC Neurology 2019 19:149

  33. Non-pharmacological approaches for the management of migraine exhibit low to moderate effectiveness due to a lack of high-quality randomized clinical trials. In fact, previous studies applied isolated techniqu...

    Authors: Gabriella de Almeida Tolentino, Lidiane Lima Florencio, Carina Ferreira Pinheiro, Fabíola Dach, César Fernández-de-las-Peñas and Débora Bevilaqua-Grossi
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:249
  34. Inherited prion diseases are rare autosomal dominant disorders associated with diverse clinical presentations. All are associated with mutation of the gene that encodes prion protein (PRNP). Homozygous mutations ...

    Authors: Ahamad Hassan, Tracy Campbell, Lee Darwent, Hans Odd, Alison Green, John Collinge and Simon Mead
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:248
  35. Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is necessary for stent assisted coiling. However, long term use of DAPT has a potential risk of hemorrhagic events. We aimed to examine the relationship between clopidogrel rea...

    Authors: Kenji Shoda, Yukiko Enomoto, Yusuke Egashira, Takamasa Kinoshita, Daisuke Mizutani and Toru Iwama
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:247
  36. Cranial nerve involvement is not commonly encountered in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP); this is especially true for involvement of the hypoglossal nerve. Neither Beevor's sig...

    Authors: Huajian Zhao, Yiming Zheng, Lingchao Meng, Meng Yu, Wei Zhang, He Lv, Zhaoxia Wang, Hongjun Hao and Yun Yuan
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:244
  37. Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, also referred to as Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT), is most often caused by a duplication of the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) gene. This duplication causes CMT ...

    Authors: Nozomu Matsuda, Koushi Ootsuki, Shunsuke Kobayashi, Ayaka Nemoto, Hitoshi Kubo, Shin-ichi Usami and Kazuaki Kanani
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:243
  38. Levodopa–carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) treatment, a unique drug delivery system for patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD), is covered by health insurance in Japan since September 2016. Various LCIG...

    Authors: Kanefumi Yamashita, Yukinori Yube, Yukinao Yamazaki, Takehide Fukuchi, Masaki Kato, Tomoyuki Koike, Takeshi Uehara, Yoshiou Ikeda, Satoshi Furune, Hidehiro Murakami, Eiji Kubota, Shinsuke Fujioka, Yoshinori Sato, Xiaoyi Jin, Tomohiko Suzuki, Kazuhiro Furukawa…
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:242
  39. Sarcopenia is the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. Undiagnosed late-onset neuromuscular disorders need to be considered in the differential diagnosis of sarcopenia.

    Authors: Fabian Hofmeister, Lisa Baber, Uta Ferrari, Stefan Hintze, Stefanie Jarmusch, Sabine Krause, Peter Meinke, Stefan Mehaffey, Carl Neuerburg, Fabiana Tangenelli, Benedikt Schoser and Michael Drey
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:241
  40. Antipsychotics are used in Parkinson disease (PD) to treat psychosis, mood, and behavioral disturbances. Commonly used antipsychotics differ substantially in their potential to worsen motor symptoms through do...

    Authors: Thanh Phuong Pham Nguyen, Danielle S. Abraham, Dylan Thibault, Daniel Weintraub and Allison W. Willis
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:240
  41. This study aimed to investigate the frequency and risk factors for cerebral artery stenosis and occlusion in patients with polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, and skin changes (POEMS) synd...

    Authors: Atsuhiko Sugiyama, Hajime Yokota, Sonoko Misawa, Hiroki Mukai, Yukari Sekiguchi, Kyosuke Koide, Tomoki Suichi, Jun Matsushima, Takashi Kishimoto, Zen-ichi Tanei, Yuko Saito, Shoichi Ito and Satoshi Kuwabara
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:239
  42. The purpose of our study was to analyse endovascular treatment (EVT) in patients presenting acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke with large-vessel occlusion (AIS-LVO) during the pandemic and post-epidemi...

    Authors: Tangqin Zhang, Chu Chen, Xiangjun Xu, Junfeng Xu, Ke Yang, Youqing Xu, Lili Yuan, Qian Yang, Xianjun Huang and Zhiming Zhou
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:238
  43. Studies have suggested that glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists such as tirofiban are beneficial for patients with acute coronary syndromes. However, it is still uncertain about the efficacy and safety of tirofi...

    Authors: Chunrong Tao, Yuyou Zhu, Chao Zhang, Jianlong Song, Tianlong Liu, Xiaodong Yuan, Wenwu Luo, Changchun Chen, Dezhi Liu, Yuanyuan Zhu, Jie Liu and Wei Hu
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:237
  44. Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common helminthic infection of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium. Accurate and early diagnosis of NCC remains challenging due to its...

    Authors: Bin Chen, Zheng Chen, Yi-shu Yang, Gui-lan Cai, Xiao-jiao Xu, Hong-zhi Guan, Hai-tao Ren and Hou-zhen Tuo
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:236
  45. The prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) has been increasing worldwide and the highest prevalence ratio among Asian countries was reported in Iran. This study aims to estimate the increase in MS occurrence du...

    Authors: Payam Amini, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Masood Najafi and Sharareh Eskandarieh
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:235
  46. Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is common in elderly patients and can be alleviated by pulsed radiofrequency (PRF). However, PRF treatments display different efficacy on different nerves. The purpose of this stud...

    Authors: Xuehua Huang, Yanfeng Ma, Weimin Wang, Yunxiu Guo, Bo Xu and Ke Ma
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2021 21:233

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