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  1. In-stent restenosis (ISR) is an important factor endangering the long-term safety and efficacy of carotid artery angioplasty and stenting (CAS). It is plausible that soft vulnerable plaques are more likely to ...

    Authors: Katrin Wasser, André Karch, Sonja Gröschel, Janin Witzenhausen, Klaus Gröschel, Mathias Bähr and Jan Liman
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:163
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Normally, chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has been studied using echo-colour Doppler (ECD). Subjects are examined in the supine and sitting positions, in accordance with a static protocol wi...

    Authors: Massimiliano Farina, Eugenio Novelli and Raffaello Pagani
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:162
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Initial symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are often subtle and can delay diagnosis. This exploratory analysis was conducted to better characterize the pre-diagnosis pathway undertaken by patients...

    Authors: James R Williams, David Fitzhenry, Lauren Grant, Derek Martyn and Douglas A Kerr
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:160
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Axonal damage in large myelinated nerve fibres occurs in about 70% of patients with severe sepsis, known as critical illness polyneuropathy and contributes significantly to an increased short- and long-term mo...

    Authors: Hubertus Axer, Alexander Grimm, Christine Porzelius, Ulrike Teschner, Ulrike Schumacher, Otto W Witte and Frank M Brunkhorst
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:159
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  5. Due to the nature of neurodegenerative disorders, patients with primary progressive aphasia develop cognitive impairment other than aphasia as the disorder progresses. The progression of logopenic variant prim...

    Authors: Michitaka Funayama, Yoshitaka Nakagawa, Yoko Yamaya, Fumihiro Yoshino, Masaru Mimura and Motoichiro Kato
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:158
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  6. To determine whether or not jugular venous reflux (JVR) is associated with structural brain parenchyma changes in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

    Authors: Clive Beggs, Chih-Ping Chung, Niels Bergsland, Pei-Ning Wang, Simon Shepherd, Chun-Yu Cheng, Michael G Dwyer, Han-Hwa Hu and Robert Zivadinov
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:157
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. The Stroke burden is increasing in many populations where health institutions may experience more patients. We wanted to examine whether incidence rates and absolute number of hospitalized stroke patients rema...

    Authors: Malene Nøhr Demant, Charlotte Andersson, Ole Ahlehoff, Mette Charlot, Jonas Bjerring Olesen, Anne Gjesing, Peter R Hansen, Gunnar H Gislason, Thomas Truelsen and Christian Torp-Pedersen
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:156
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Advances in the diagnosis and multi-modality treatment of cancer have increased survival rates for many cancer types leading to an increasing load of long-term sequelae of therapy, including that of cognitive ...

    Authors: Justin Davis, Fiona M Ahlberg, Michael Berk, David M Ashley and Mustafa Khasraw
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:153
    Content type: Review Published on:

  11. The Observational Skills Assessment Score (OSAS) measures amount and quality of use of the affected hand in children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) in bimanual activities and could therefore be a valuable...

    Authors: Lucianne Speth, Yvonne Janssen-Potten, Pieter Leffers, Eugene Rameckers, Anke Defesche, Richard Geers, Rob Smeets and Hans Vles
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:152
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. There is no established noninvasive or invasive diagnostic imaging modality at present that can serve as a ‘gold standard’ or “benchmark” for the detection of the venous anomalies, indicative of chronic cerebr...

    Authors: Robert Zivadinov, Yuval Karmon, Kresimir Dolic, Jesper Hagemeier, Karen Marr, Vesela Valnarov, Cheryl L Kennedy, David Hojnacki, Ellen M Carl, L Nelson Hopkins, Elad I Levy, Bianca Weinstock-Guttman and Adnan H Siddiqui
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:151
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Data on encephalitis in Thailand have not been completely described. Etiologies remain largely unknown. We prospectively analyzed 103 Thai patients from 27 provinces for the causes of encephalitis using clinic...

    Authors: Abhinbhen Saraya, Aekkapol Mahavihakanont, Shanop Shuangshoti, Nuntaporn Sittidetboripat, Tayard Deesudchit, Michael Callahan, Supaporn Wacharapluesadee, Henry Wilde and Thiravat Hemachudha
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:150
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Cardio embolism and cerebrovascular atherosclerosis are two major mechanisms of stroke. Studies investigating associations between advanced echocardiographic parameters and stroke mechanisms are limited.

    Authors: Quratulain Shaikh, Bilal Ahmed, Maryam Ahmed, Jamal Hussain Mahar, Masood Ahmad, Ayesha Ahmed, Farzin Majeed, Fariha Sadiq Ali, Maria Khan and Ayeesha Kamran Kamal
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:149
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Besides the defining involvement of upper and lower motor neurons, the involvement of extramotor structures has been increasingly acknowledged in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

    Authors: Johannes Thorns, Henk Jansma, Thomas Peschel, Julian Grosskreutz, Bahram Mohammadi, Reinhard Dengler and Thomas F Münte
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:148
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) is a classical tumor-associated, immune-mediated disease typically associated with gynecological malignancies, small-cell lung-cancer or lymphoma.

    Authors: Christian Henke, Johannes Rieger, Sylvia Hartmann, Marcus Middendorp, Helmuth Steinmetz and Ulf Ziemann
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:147
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  17. Glatiramer acetate (GA) and interferon-beta (IFN-β) are disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis that are administered through subcutaneous (SC) or intramuscular (IM) injections. Skin reaction...

    Authors: Deepak MW Balak, Gerald JD Hengstman, Enes Hajdarbegovic, Rob JP van den Brule, Raymond MM Hupperts and Hok Bing Thio
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:146
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Psychoses such as hallucinations are a frequent non-motor problem in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and serious psychosis requires anti-psychotic medications that worsen Parkinsonism. Although psychosis ...

    Authors: Hideyuki Sawada, Tomoko Oeda, Kenji Yamamoto, Atsushi Umemura, Satoshi Tomita, Ryutaro Hayashi, Masayuki Kohsaka and Takashi Kawamura
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:145
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Although muscle weakness is a hallmark of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), the molecular mechanisms that lead to weakness in FSHD remain largely unknown. Recent studies suggest aberrant expressio...

    Authors: Saskia Lassche, Coen AC Ottenheijm, Nicol C Voermans, Henk-Jan Westeneng, Barbara H Janssen, Silvère M van der Maarel, Maria T Hopman, George W Padberg, Ger JM Stienen and Baziel GM van Engelen
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:144
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  21. With an increased life expectancy for the general population as well as for those ageing with chronic diseases, there are major challenges to the affected individuals and their families, but also to health car...

    Authors: Maria H Nilsson and Susanne Iwarsson
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:142
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  22. Locomotor training using robots is increasingly being used for rehabilitation to reduce manpower and the heavy burden on therapists, and the effectiveness of such techniques has been investigated. The robot su...

    Authors: Hiroaki Kawamoto, Kiyotaka Kamibayashi, Yoshio Nakata, Kanako Yamawaki, Ryohei Ariyasu, Yoshiyuki Sankai, Masataka Sakane, Kiyoshi Eguchi and Naoyuki Ochiai
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:141
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Dysphagia, which can result in aspiration pneumonia and death, is a well-known problem in patients with dementia and Parkinson’s disease. There are few studies on dysphagia in patients with dementia with Lewy ...

    Authors: Elisabet Londos, Oskar Hanxsson, Ingrid Alm Hirsch, Anna Janneskog, Margareta Bülow and Sebastian Palmqvist
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:140
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Several reports have described that individual periodic leg movements during sleep (PLMS) activities are associated with autonomic nervous system activity occurring shortly before each PLMS activity. Neverthel...

    Authors: Taeko Sasai, Masato Matsuura and Yuichi Inoue
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:139
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Adherence to disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) results in the reduction of the number and severity of relapses and delays the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). Patients with lower adherence rates experi...

    Authors: Neetu Agashivala, Ning Wu, Safiya Abouzaid, You Wu, Edward Kim, Luke Boulanger and David W Brandes
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:138
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Patients with Parkinson’s disease often suffer from reduced mobility due to impaired postural control. Balance exercises form an integral part of rehabilitative therapy but the effectiveness of existing interv...

    Authors: Maarten RC van den Heuvel, Erwin EH van Wegen, Cees JT de Goede, Ingrid AL Burgers-Bots, Peter J Beek, Andreas Daffertshofer and Gert Kwakkel
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:137
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  27. Stroke is the second most common cause of death and disability worldwide. It is a multi-factorial disease influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Studies from the different ethnic regions of worl...

    Authors: Amit Kumar, Ram Sagar, Pradeep Kumar, Jitendra K Sahu, Ashoo Grover, Achal K Srivastava, S Vivekanandhan and Kameshwar Prasad
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:136
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  28. In 2002, the Transverse Myelitis Consortium Working Group (TMCWG) proposed the diagnostic criteria for idiopathic acute transverse myelitis (IATM) to delimit and unify this group of patients. This study aimed ...

    Authors: Álvaro Cobo Calvo, M Alba Mañé Martínez, Agustí Alentorn-Palau, Jordi Bruna Escuer, Lucía Romero Pinel and Sergio Martínez-Yélamos
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:135
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. The clinical profiles of cerebellar cavernous malformations (CCMs) with and without associated developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) are not well known. The aims of this study were to analyze the clinical and ...

    Authors: Peifeng Zhang, Lingtong Liu, Yong Cao, Shuo Wang and Jizong Zhao
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:134
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Stroke is the 4th leading cause of death and 1st leading cause of disability in Singapore. However the information on long-term post stroke outcomes for Singaporean patients was limited. This study aimed to in...

    Authors: Yan Sun, Sze Haur Lee, Bee Hoon Heng and Vivien S Chin
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:133
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Few studies have focused on fatigue in myasthenia gravis (MG), and fatigue in relation to the autonomic system has never been systematically explored in these patients. The study aimed to document the prevalen...

    Authors: Ahmed Elsais, Vegard B Wyller, Jon Håvard Loge and Emilia Kerty
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:132
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is one of the most common genetic disorders causing learning disabilities by mutations in the neurofibromin gene, an important inhibitor of the RAS pathway. In a mouse model of N...

    Authors: Florian Mainberger, Nikolai H Jung, Martin Zenker, Ute Wahlländer, Leonie Freudenberg, Susanne Langer, Steffen Berweck, Tobias Winkler, Andreas Straube, Florian Heinen, Sofia Granström, Victor-Felix Mautner, Karen Lidzba and Volker Mall
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:131
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Silent brain infarcts are detected by neuroimaging in up to 20% of asymptomatic patients based on population studies. They are five times more frequent than stroke in general population, and increase significa...

    Authors: Iolanda Riba-Llena, Carmen Ioana Jarca, Xavier Mundet, Jose L Tovar, Francesc Orfila, Antonio López-Rueda, Cristina Nafría, Jose L Fernández, Xavier Castañé, Mar Domingo, José Álvarez-Sabín, Inés Fernández-Cortiñas, Olga Maisterra, Joan Montaner and Pilar Delgado
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:130
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  34. Patients with carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication may develop ongoing neurological and psychiatric symptoms that ebb and flow, a condition often called delayed encephalopathy (DE). The association between morpho...

    Authors: Hsiu-Ling Chen, Pei-Chin Chen, Cheng-Hsien Lu, Nai-Wen Hsu, Kun-Hsien Chou, Ching-Po Lin, Re-Wen Wu, Shau-Hsuan Li, Yu-Fan Cheng and Wei-Che Lin
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:129
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of neurological disability in young adults worldwide and approximately half of those affected are in Europe. The assessment of differential incidence and preval...

    Authors: Elaine Kingwell, James J Marriott, Nathalie Jetté, Tamara Pringsheim, Naila Makhani, Sarah A Morrow, John D Fisk, Charity Evans, Sarah Gabrielle Béland, Sophie Kulaga, Jonathan Dykeman, Christina Wolfson, Marcus W Koch and Ruth Ann Marrie
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:128
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Wilson’s disease (WD) is a genetic disorder which can be controlled fairly well with decupuration therapy. However, symptoms, on rare occasions, can worsen even when WD is being treated. Herein, we report a ca...

    Authors: Young Eun Kim, Ji Young Yun, Hui-Jun Yang, Han-Joon Kim and Beom S Jeon
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:127
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  37. The accumulation of the misfolded forms of cellular prion protein, i.e. prions (PrPSc), in the brain is one of the crucial characteristics of fatal neurodegenerative disorders, called transmissible spongiform enc...

    Authors: Eva Dvorakova, Tanja Vranac, Olga Janouskova, Maja Černilec, Simon Koren, Anja Lukan, Jana Nováková, Radoslav Matej, Karel Holada and Vladka Čurin Šerbec
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:126
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease, is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The clinical manifestations of PD encompass a variety of mo...

    Authors: Kai Gao, Xiong Deng, Wen Zheng, Zhi Song, Anding Zhu, Xiaofei Xiu and Hao Deng
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:125
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Itch is a frequent complaint reported by patients and is usually ascribed to dermatological or metabolic causes. In neurological disorders, however, it is a very unusual symptom and thus its neurological aetio...

    Authors: Stefan Wolking, Holger Lerche and Marcel Dihné
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:124
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  41. Despite heart failure being a substantial risk factor for stroke, few studies have evaluated the predictive value of heart dysfunction for all-cause mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke, in particu...

    Authors: Alexandra Holmström, Michael LX Fu, Clara Hjalmarsson, Lena Bokemark and Björn Andersson
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:122
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Diabetes constitutes a risk factor for stroke that also aggravates stroke prognosis. Several prognostic models have been developed for the evaluation of neurologic status, severity, short-term functional outco...

    Authors: Vasileios Dragoumanos, Konstantinos N Tzirogiannis, Georgios I Panoutsopoulos, Konstantinos Krikonis, Evangelos Fousteris, Maria Vourvou, Georgios Elesnitsalis, Nikolaos Melas, Kalliopi T Kourentzi and Andreas Melidonis
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:121
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Stroke is the fourth leading cause of death in the U.S. and stroke mortality rates differ substantially by ethnic group. The impact of adherence to the USDA dietary guidelines on risk for fatal stroke among di...

    Authors: Sangita Sharma, Mohammadreza Pakserescht, Kennedy Cruickshank, Deborah M Green and Laurence N Kolonel
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:120
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Among patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, relapses are associated with increased disability and decreased quality of life. Relapses are commonly treated with corticosteroids or left untreated...

    Authors: Molly Nickerson and Ruth Ann Marrie
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:119
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. OnabotulinumtoxinA has demonstrated significant benefit in adult focal spasticity. This study reviews the injection patterns (i.e., muscle distribution, dosing) of onabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of adult spa...

    Authors: Luba Nalysnyk, Spyridon Papapetropoulos, Philip Rotella, Jason C Simeone, Katharine E Alter and Alberto Esquenazi
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:118
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, incurable, demyelinating disease that requires long-term treatment. Rates of non-adherence to prescribed therapy of up to 50% have been reported for chronic diseases. Strategie...

    Authors: Uwe K Zettl, Ulrike Bauer-Steinhusen, Thomas Glaser, Klaus Hechenbichler and Volker Limmroth
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:117
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Only a few case reports and case series dealing with oral and dental health care are available in literature until now. The aim of the present pilot study was to determine the status of dental health in compar...

    Authors: Carsten Saft, Jürgen E Andrich, Thomas Müller, Julia Becker and Jochen Jackowski
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:114
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Ropinirole prolonged release (RPR) is a once-daily formulation. However, there may be individual pharmacokinetic differences so that multiple dosing may be preferred in some individuals. This study compares on...

    Authors: Ji Young Yun, Han-Joon Kim, Jee-Young Lee, Young Eun Kim, Ji Seon Kim, Jong-Min Kim and Beom S Jeon
    Citation: BMC Neurology 2013 13:113
    Content type: Research article Published on:
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