Feigin VL, Stark BA, Johnson CO, Roth GA, Bisignano C, Abady GG, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20:795–820.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Tu W-J, Hua Y, Yan F, Bian H, Yang Y, Lou M, et al. Prevalence of stroke in China, 2013–2019: a population-based study. The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific. 2022;28:100550.
Article
Google Scholar
Arenillas JF, López-Cancio E, Wong KS. Biomarkers, natural course and prognosis. Front Neurol Neurosci. 2016;40:93–108.
Article
Google Scholar
Kim BJ, Hong KS, Cho YJ, Lee JH, Koo JS, Park JM, et al. Predictors of symptomatic and asymptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis: what is different and why? J Atheroscler Thromb. 2014;21:605–17.
Google Scholar
Lindenholz A, de Bresser J, van der Kolk AG, van der Worp HB, Witkamp TD, Hendrikse J, et al. Intracranial atherosclerotic burden and cerebral parenchymal changes at 7t mri in patients with transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke. Front Neurol. 2021;12:637556.
Article
Google Scholar
Wu X, Bos D, Ren L, Leung TW, Chu WC, Wong LKS, et al. Intracranial arterial calcification relates to long-term risk of recurrent stroke and post-stroke mortality. Front Neurol. 2020;11:559158.
Article
Google Scholar
Wells GA SB, O’Connell D, et al. The newcastle-ottawa scale (nos) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses - 2008. Available from url: Http:// www.Ohri.Ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford. Asp (accessed january 2019).
Bos D, Portegies ML, van der Lugt A, Bos MJ, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, et al. Intracranial carotid artery atherosclerosis and the risk of stroke in whites: the Rotterdam study. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71:405–11.
Article
Google Scholar
Douglas VC, Johnston CM, Elkins J, Sidney S, Gress DR, Johnston SC. Head computed tomography findings predict short-term stroke risk after transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2003;34:2894–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Kao HW, Liou M, Chung HW, Liu HS, Tsai PH, Chiang SW, et al. Middle cerebral artery calcification: association with ischemic stroke. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94:e2311.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Bugnicourt JM, Chillon JM, Massy ZA, Canaple S, Lamy C, Deramond H, et al. High prevalence of intracranial artery calcification in stroke patients with ckd: a retrospective study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:284–90.
Article
Google Scholar
Zhang F, Yang L, Gan L, Fan Z, Zhou B, Deng Z, et al. Spotty calcium on cervicocerebral computed tomography angiography associates with increased risk of ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2019;50:859–66.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Power A, Chan K, Haydar A, Hamady M, Cairns T, Taube D, et al. Intracranial arterial calcification is highly prevalent in hemodialysis patients but does not associate with acute ischemic stroke. Hemodial Int. 2011;15:256–63.
Article
Google Scholar
Magdič J, Cmor N, Kaube M, Hojs Fabjan T, Hauer L, Sellner J, Pikija S. Intracranial Vertebrobasilar Calcification in Patients with Ischemic Stroke is a Predictor of Recurrent Stroke, Vascular Disease, and Death: A Case-Control Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(6):2013.
Chen XY, Lam WW, Ng HK, Fan YH, Wong KS. Intracranial artery calcification: a newly identified risk factor of ischemic stroke. J Neuroimaging. 2007;17:300–3.
Article
Google Scholar
Koton S, Tashlykov V, Schwammenthal Y, Molshatzki N, Merzeliak O, Tsabari R, et al. Cerebral artery calcification in patients with acute cerebrovascular diseases: determinants and long-term clinical outcome. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19:739–45.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Quiney B, Ying SM, Hippe DS, Balu N, Urdaneta-Moncada AR, Mossa-Basha M. The association of intracranial vascular calcification and stenosis with acute ischemic cerebrovascular events. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2017;41:849–53.
Article
Google Scholar
Lee JG, Lee KB, Roh H, Ahn MY, Bae HJ, Lee JS, et al. Intracranial arterial calcification can predict early vascular events after acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23:e331–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Bartstra JW, van den Beukel TC, Van Hecke W, Mali W, Spiering W, Koek HL, et al. Intracranial arterial calcification: prevalence, risk factors, and consequences: Jacc review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:1595–604.
Article
Google Scholar
van der Toorn JE, Engelkes SR, Ikram MK, Ikram MA, Vernooij MW, Kavousi M, et al. Vertebrobasilar artery calcification: prevalence and risk factors in the general population. Atherosclerosis. 2019;286:46–52.
Article
Google Scholar
Bos D, van der Rijk MJ, Geeraedts TE, Hofman A, Krestin GP, Witteman JC, et al. Intracranial carotid artery atherosclerosis: prevalence and risk factors in the general population. Stroke. 2012;43:1878–84.
Article
Google Scholar
Kockelkoren R, De Vis JB, Stavenga M, Mali W, Hendrikse J, Rozemuller AM, et al. Hippocampal calcification on brain ct: prevalence and risk factors in a cerebrovascular cohort. Eur Radiol. 2018;28:3811–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Chen XY, Lam WW, Ng HK, Fan YH, Wong KS. The frequency and determinants of calcification in intracranial arteries in chinese patients who underwent computed tomography examinations. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006;21:91–7.
Article
Google Scholar
van Dijk AC, Fonville S, Zadi T, van Hattem AM, Saiedie G, Koudstaal PJ, et al. Association between arterial calcifications and nonlacunar and lacunar ischemic strokes. Stroke. 2014;45:728–33.
Article
Google Scholar
Aries MJ, Elting JW, De Keyser J, Kremer BP, Vroomen PC. Cerebral autoregulation in stroke: a review of transcranial doppler studies. Stroke. 2010;41:2697–704.
Article
Google Scholar
Naghavi M, Libby P, Falk E, Casscells SW, Litovsky S, Rumberger J, et al. From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: part ii. Circulation. 2003;108:1772–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Bentzon JF, Otsuka F, Virmani R, Falk E. Mechanisms of plaque formation and rupture. Circ Res. 2014;114:1852–66.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Wohlschlaeger J, Bertram S, Theegarten D, Hager T. Baba HA. [coronary atherosclerosis and progression to unstable plaques : Histomorphological and molecular aspects]. Herz. 2015;40:837–44.
Article
Google Scholar
Badimon L, Padró T, Vilahur G. Atherosclerosis, platelets and thrombosis in acute ischaemic heart disease. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2012;1:60–74.
Article
Google Scholar
Knottnerus IL, Ten Cate H, Lodder J, Kessels F, van Oostenbrugge RJ. Endothelial dysfunction in lacunar stroke: a systematic review. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;27:519–26.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ramadan MM, Mahfouz EM, Gomaa GF, El-Diasty TA, Alldawi L, Ikrar T, et al. Evaluation of coronary calcium score by multidetector computed tomography in relation to endothelial function and inflammatory markers in asymptomatic individuals. Circ J. 2008;72:778–85.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Chen YC, Wei XE, Lu J, Qiao RH, Shen XF, Li YH. Correlation between intracranial arterial calcification and imaging of cerebral small vessel disease. Front Neurol. 2019;10:426.
Article
Google Scholar
Wu XH, Chen XY, Wang LJ, Wong KS. Intracranial artery calcification and its clinical significance. J Clin Neurol. 2016;12:253–61.
Article
Google Scholar
Olatunji RB, Adekanmi AJ, Ogunseyinde AO. Intracranial arterial calcification in black africans with acute ischaemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis Extra. 2018;8:26–38.
Article
Google Scholar
Hussein HM, Zacharatos H, Cordina S, Lakshminarayan K, Ezzeddine MA. Intracranial vascular calcification is protective from vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23:2687–93.
Article
Google Scholar
Yang WJ, Zheng L, Wu XH, Huang ZQ, Niu CB, Zhao HL, et al. Postmortem study exploring distribution and patterns of intracranial artery calcification. Stroke. 2018;49:2767–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Sangiorgi G, Rumberger JA, Severson A, Edwards WD, Gregoire J, Fitzpatrick LA, et al. Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans: a histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:126–33.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kassab MY, Gupta R, Majid A, Farooq MU, Giles BP, Johnson MD, et al. Extent of intra-arterial calcification on head ct is predictive of the degree of intracranial atherosclerosis on digital subtraction angiography. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;28:45–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Zhao L, Barlinn K, Sharma VK, Tsivgoulis G, Cava LF, Vasdekis SN, et al. Velocity criteria for intracranial stenosis revisited: an international multicenter study of transcranial doppler and digital subtraction angiography. Stroke. 2011;42:3429–34.
Article
Google Scholar
Du H, Li J, Yang W, Bos D, Zheng L, Wong LKS, et al. Intracranial arterial calcification and intracranial atherosclerosis: close but different. Front Neurol. 2022;13:799429.
Article
Google Scholar